Viruses Sentence Examples

In the past viruses were designed to create a minor annoyance.

But these are mostly used for scanning mail destined for other systems that are more vulnerable to viruses.

Modified bacterial viruses, called bacteriophages, are used to deliver the gene encoding this protein to specific harmful bacteria.

Delbrueck chose to use bacteriophage, viruses that infect bacteria and then can multiply very rapidly.

Ozone is a natural biocide, which effectively kills bacteria, viruses and fungi within seconds.

Should deadly viruses be used to treat cystic fibrosis?

Webmail Users Delete the email without downloading the attachment purge your trash folder All Users We recommend protecting your PC and data from viruses.

John P. Carr continued the virus theme by talking about inducing resistance virus-specific pathways to plant viruses.

This discovery was followed by many other examples of acutely transforming retroviruses, together with the structural characterization of the viruses involved.

In particular, much research is being carried out on a family of viruses called porcine endogenous retroviruses.

The occurrence and distribution in the United Kingdom of antibodies to parainfluenza 3 and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis viruses in bovine sera.

Unlike viruses non-viral vectors are not as well equipped to overcome these intracellular barriers.

When children share bathrooms that contain wart viruses, some of them will get verrucas, while others seem to be totally immune.

It is a feature of viruses that with time they become less virulent.

The hackers use ' zombie PCs ', infected by viruses such as MyDoom and Bagle, making law-abiding users and businesses unwitting participants.

Full virus protection on each PC and Server, for sweeping, scanning, disinfecting and quarantining viruses.

It is not inconceivable that the CaMV 35S promoter in transgenic constructs can reactivate dormant viruses or generate new viruses by recombination.

And there is evidence that such dormant viruses can be reactivated as a result of genetic recombination.

In viruses, alteration of the protein capsid prevents the virus from being taken up by susceptible cells.

A key feature of the procedure is to make interspecific chimera recombinant viruses.

Nonetheless, " The RNA tumor viruses also have buoyant densities that coincide with those of certain cellular constituents.

Viruses from the lung tissue in Toronto patients readily infected monkey kidney cells, and no known human coronavirus infects that cell line.

Identification and molecular characterization of viruses infecting cucurbits in Pakistan.

There is a current UK scheme in place for veterinary disinfectants for use against pathogenic viruses.

Use a broad-spectrum disinfectant active against viruses, bacteria, fungi and other pathogen organisms (Virkon® S ).

As a consequence of co-evolution with their hosts, viruses have acquired host genes and genetic mutations that confer dominance over normal cell function.

Whether due to viruses or bacteria, the infection is spread from person to person by airborne droplets, hand contact or kissing.

The pathogens include bacteria which cause dysentery, viruses responsible for polio and hepatitis, and many others.

The viruses colonize the gut mucosa and provoke antibody formation both in the blood stream and in the gut epithelium.

Because the damage resembled that caused by viruses, the scientists suspect avocado extract might be useful to treat viral hepatitis.

Vitamin C was also able to inactivate other viruses in vitro, including herpes simplex, rabies, and tobacco mosaic virus.

The risk from bird flu is generally low to most people because the viruses occur mainly among birds and do not usually infect humans.

However identification has been slow and the hope is to develop new tests that will aid the rapid identification of these viruses.

Uniquely, the technique does not render the viruses inactive.

Developing and distributing reagents kits to detect the currently circulating influenza A H5N1 viruses.

As with most enveloped viruses, the particle is relatively labile.

These questions could easily be answered by molecular genetic analysis of the virus or viruses from infected livestock in the outbreak.

Lymph nodes filter lymph nodes filter lymph fluid, and thus bacteria, viruses and other foreign substances are removed.

Why she couldn't have stuck to finding more viruses like luck and sexual magnetism is anyone's guess.

The virus writers used to hide viruses here (often malicious ones ).

These two different viruses were traced back to a SIV that infected red-capped mangabeys and one found in greater spot-nosed monkeys.

Studies suggest that the prescription medicines approved for human flu viruses would work in preventing bird flu infection in humans.

As the number of viruses increase, the virus checker programs have to be updated quarterly or even monthly.

Like viruses, such strategies take advantage of rapid multiplication to explode the message to thousands, to millions.

Most rashes are caused by virus infections - some of them have names (e.g. chicken pox) but many are just nameless viruses.

The obvious examples are genes to block the transmission of viruses and malaria parasites, as well as filarial nematodes.

This is run automatically nightly to scan all user home directories and disinfect any files found to contain viruses.

It only takes a small minority of unsecured systems for viruses and SPAM to propagate at a lightning pace.

Their replication strategy like that of viruses - they are obligate intracellular parasites.

Research topics include pathogenesis, virulence factors, immune mechanisms, genetic studies and viruses, prokaryotic organisms, and protozoa.

So how do low pathogenic viruses become highly pathogenic?

Viruses may lie dormant within cells for many years before they enter an active phase.

It saves me about an hour a day plus any email viruses that I might receive get identified and deleted.. .

All the best Chrissie ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Scanned for viruses and spam by emailsystems If you believe this email is spam, please forward to spam@emailfiltering.com

Both viruses cause significant yield losses to the UK sugar beet crop.

I developed a feeling that viruses of plants may have some unpleasant surprises in store for us, with possibly serious consequences.

What are the approximate titres of viruses A and B?

Infections transmissible by transfusion Over the past 30 years, the viruses that cause hepatitis B, AIDS and hepatitis C have been identified.

This is one of the most important viruses in UK potato production transmitted by aphids.

Ultraviolet disinfection gives the water a final ' polish ' under high powered lamps to kill any remaining viruses.

Antivirus Protection Computer viruses distributed through the e-mail system can cause untold harm to users unfortunate enough to receive them.

Let 's hope there are no server changes, viruses, hack attempts or anything else untoward happening for a good long while !

The World Health Organization recommends the vaccine strains by predicting those viruses most likely to cause outbreaks in any given year.

Vaccinia infection of cells can confer protection from IFN on other viruses, e.g. Picornaviruses.

Influenza split virion inactivated vaccine may affect blood tests for certain viruses.

While freezing and refrigeration would not substantially reduce the concentration or virulence of viruses on contaminated meat, proper cooking kills such viruses.

Viruses in asymptomatic individuals tend to be less virulent than viruses found in people with AIDS.

Remember, it 's blood that transmits viruses, not just equipment on it 's own.

Particular interests include waterborne bacteria, viruses and protozoan parasites.

Control of the whitefly vector has not been effective in preventing epidemics and yield losses due to these viruses.

At least two potentially worrisome baboon viruses, for example, do n't show up on any existing commercial tests.

The kids were warned to not visit a certain website because malware and viruses on it could infect their computers.

Unfortunately, your baby will suffer occasional bouts with childhood illnesses, such as colds, ear infections, sore throats, stomach viruses, etc. You'll want to keep him as comfortable as possible and well-hydrated.

Overall, it is a trusted name in the antivirus world, partially due to its longevity in this industry, and it also offers above average protection against new viruses.

Technology and resources to keep on top of the latest viruses and malware.

Lacks the resources of larger companies to combat new viruses.

What's more, there are countless websites that say that they offer free cell phone games, only to hit your computer with malicious viruses and spyware.

Consider, however, the amount of PC viruses and that the majority of hackers target PC computers.

Macintosh systems are known for being user-friendly, and they provide more protection from viruses and other problems.

The UNIX architecture is harder to crack, but it is done every day and there are viruses out there for the Mac.

Maintaining routine vaccinations against feline AIDS, rabies, distemper, feline leukemia, rhinotracheitis and other regional diseases and viruses is essential to the health of any domesticated cat.

Herpes is a class of viruses that can infect many animals.

Humans can be infected by several other herpes viruses.

Cats can contract flu viruses and bacterial illnesses the same as any pet or human, and many of these sick periods will produce fits of sneezing.

Not all viruses manifest themselves right from the start.

Should a cold or flu be the reason behind your kitten's distress, preventative measures can help eliminate future encounters with flu viruses.

Keeping your cat safe indoors, where its exposure to other animals and possible agents of infection is limited, is the first line of defense against colds and influenza viruses.

Certain viruses that cause your cat's symptoms may also lead to feline upper respiratory disease which is a serious and sometimes life threatening condition.

Upper respiratory infections are usually caused by two major viruses that are very easily spread.

These viruses and organisms are very easily spread in catteries, pet stores and shelters.

Viruses, for example, will often remain dormant in the system and can reactivate every so often in an infection.

A full guarantee that such viruses do not exist within their breeding lines is almost impossible.

Disease-causing agents include bacteria, worms, viruses, and other harmful organisms that enter water sources and are never filtered out.

Research has shown over and over again that tea tree oil is effective against fungi, bacteria, and even viruses.

Herpes is the catch-all name for a group of viruses that infect people.

There are seven different herpes viruses, but most people suffer from oral herpes (sores on the mouth or lips) or genital herpes.

Echinacea, especially when taken with goldenseal, helps the body fight off viruses like the herpes virus.

Stress negatively affects the immune system, hindering the body's natural defense mechanisms against viruses such as the herpes virus.

A number of different viruses can be responsible for the infection.

It might not occur to you, but viruses can also endanger your online banking safety.

Viruses are malicious little computer programs.

The goals of viruses can by anything, from destroying data, to locking up your system, to just messing up your computer.

Viruses can infiltrate your computer by various methods.

Spyware is less dangerous than viruses, but it can harm your computer if not prevented or taken care of properly.

Download.com also scans all files hosted on their servers to make sure they don't contain viruses or spyware.

First, viruses could get loaded onto the computer.

Although you're unlikely to pick up viruses from scrapbooking websites, there is a risk to security whenever you choose to download files to your hard drive.

In addition to the fun game you install, you may also receive spyware and viruses.

Terrorists could release viruses to disable government infrastructure, resulting in serious consequences for the economy and other aspects of American life.

Because Macs make up a minority of the total computer market, they're also less likely to get computer viruses and often less likely to crash.

Viruses and infections take over a small dog's system much more quickly than a large dog's and they go down hill rapidly.

Kennel cough is a bronchial and throat infection caused by a variety of different viruses that results in a prolonged, hoarse cough.

There are several vaccinations effective against different kennel cough viruses, particularly against the parainfluenza virus and types one and two of canine adenoviruses.

Since there are numerous viruses that can cause the cough, no vaccination will prevent all cases.

Caused by a variety of different viruses, kennel cough is the canine equivalent to the common cold.

This is because the immune system is usually depleted from the major battle and too exhausted to fight off opportunistic bacteria and other viruses.

You could be purchasing a pup with worms at the very least, but you might also be purchasing a puppy that has not been protected from viruses or even has an undiagnosed heart murmur that will need treatment in the future.

Typically, molds, bacteria and viruses cause tomato diseases.

Likewise molds, fungi and viruses love the warm, humid conditions inside a greenhouse.

One of these requirements is that seeds not be genetically modified in a laboratory, which means that they may contain the DNA of animals, other plants, even bacteria and viruses!

Many free programs are simply delivery vehicles for adware, spyware or computer viruses.

In this type of environment, we are more likely to become ill from airborne viruses.

Practicing basic rules of food safety reduces the chances of food contamination by bacteria, parasites, viruses and other microorganisms.

You have to be extra careful when browsing these kinds of websites, though, as they may contain viruses, spyware, and other malicious content.

You don't have to worry about your kids downloading malicious malware, spyware and viruses because absolutely no downloads are required to enjoy your time at ClubPenguin.com.

Everything ran smoothly and quickly and I saw no slow-down, even when a swarm of robot men and bugs (remember, they're viruses) attacked me.

Delve into cyberspace trying to rid viruses and bugs (no, actual bugs) before you're destroyed and everyone laughs at you in Coded Arms for the PSP.

Who would have known that everyone's favorite pudgy plumber was also a M.D. Mario dons the white coat and all in this game as you manuever around medicine capsules of different colors to clear out the viruses found on the screen.

Each row or column of 4 identical colors (whether pill, virus, or a combination thereof) would eliminate it from the screen, taking any viruses involved with it.

Gamers should exercise extreme caution with these cheats - it's well-known that such cheats can install viruses or spyware.

You know about computer viruses of course, and you have probably heard about the possibility of Trojan horses and other unwanted programs on your PDA or mobile phone.

As if that weren't irritating enough, now you have to worry about viruses on your PlayStation Portable (PSP).

While traditional viruses are most common on PCs and are often sent in emails or transmitted via file downloads, virus propagators are expanding their horizons and looking for new frontiers for their malfeasance.

Despite not having an actual medical license, he used his know-how to eliminate nasty looking viruses.

By rotating the pills and aligning the colors, you would clear a row of viruses.

Clear all of the viruses and beat a level.

The vines are often thin, very prone to mold and mildew as well as various strains of viruses.

Naturally, you should have a reliable antivirus and anti-spyware program in place as some websites that offer free stuff will also contain viruses and other bad things.

Again, watch out for those peer sites that will send movies (and viruses )your way for free.

Cell phones can be attacked with viruses and other, more subtle ways, but by just exercising a little common sense about what you download or who you let use your phone, then it's less likely you will become a victim.

If an operating system is programmed inefficiently or hurriedly, viruses will enter the phone or simple frustration from lack of functionality can set in.

Yes, the day has come when it's wise to worry about viruses not just on your computer, but on your cell phone.

Many websites on the Internet that claim to unlock cell phones for free are filled with malware, spyware, viruses, and other malicious content.

Many of the websites where such resources are offered can also be filled with malware, viruses, Trojan horses, and other malicious content.

Antibody-A special protein made by the body's immune system as a defense against foreign material (bacteria, viruses, etc.) that enters the body.

Specific diagnostic tests for autoimmune diseases and viruses (CMV, EBV, and rheumatoid factor or RF) may be performed.

To reduce the risk of ITP associated with other illnesses, children can be immunized against childhood diseases and kept away as much as possible from other children or adults with known or unidentified viruses.

The key component in colostrum and breast milk is immunoglobulins or antibodies that serve to protect the infant against infections or viruses.

Cancer deaths worldwide can be traced to viruses, bacteria, or parasites.

Epstein-Barr virus (EBV), for example, is associated with lymphoma, the hepatitis viruses are associated with liver cancer, HIV is associated with Kaposi's sarcoma, and the bacteria Helicobacter pylori is associated with stomach cancer.

The B cells protect the body by making antibodies, which are proteins that can attach to the surfaces of bacteria and viruses.

The T cells protect the body against viruses.

Fifth disease is caused by the human parvovirus B19, a member of the Parvoviridae family of viruses, that lives in the nose, mouth, and throat of an infected person.

The disease has been linked to a variety of disease agents, including parvovirus B19, HIV infection, measles, influenza viruses, rotaviruses, adenoviruses, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Mycoplasma pneumoniae.

None of these viruses or bacteria has been found in all patients with IPAN, however.

As with other childhood vasculitides, various disease organisms (including fungi as well as bacteria or viruses) have been suggested as the cause, but none have been definitely identified.

Antibodies are proteins produced by the immune system in response to infectious agents that are foreign to the body, such as viruses, bacteria, parasites, or toxins.

IgM antibodies are produced in response to viruses.

The "other viruses" usually include syphilis, hepatitis B, coxsackie virus, Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis), varicella-zoster virus, and human parvovirus.

False negative and false positive results can occur with the TORCH test for immunoglobulins because of cross-reacting antibodies, especially among the different types of herpes viruses.

There are three known types of polioviruses (called 1, 2, and 3), each causing a different strain of the disease and all being members of the viral family of enteroviruses (viruses that infect the gastrointestinal tract).

Although spasmodic croup is associated with the same viruses that cause viral croup, spasmodic croup tends to recur and may be an indication of some type of allergic reaction instead of a direct infection.

The viruses causing croup are highly contagious and easily transmitted between individuals through sneezing and coughing.

The parainfluenza viruses (types 1, 2, and 3) are the most frequent causes of croup, accounting for approximately 75 percent of all cases diagnosed.

Cold and flu viruses are the main culprits.

These viruses cause an inflammation in the throat and occasionally the tonsils (tonsillitis).

Another group of viruses that causes sore throat are the adenoviruses.

Fewer sore throats are caused by bacteria than are caused by viruses.

More than one-third of such cases are caused by viruses.

Many different viruses can cause gastroenteritis, but the most common ones are the rotavirus and the Norwalk virus.

The name rotavirus comes from the Latin word "rota" for wheel and is given because the viruses have a distinct wheel-like shape.

The viruses can also spread by way of contaminated food and drinking water.

The bronchioles and bronchi normally produce a thin, clear mucus that traps foreign particles including bacteria and viruses.

The immune system chemicals that react with the fever-inducing agent and trigger the resetting of the thermostat also increase the production of cells that fight off the invading bacteria or viruses.

Adenovirus infections can occur throughout the year, unlike the seasonality associated with other respiratory viruses.

In one mode of adenovirus infection (called lytic infection because it destroys large numbers of cells), adenoviruses kill healthy cells and replicate up to 1 million new viruses per cell killed, of which 1 to 5 percent are infectious.

In chronic or latent infection, a much smaller number of viruses are released, and healthy cells can multiply more rapidly than they are destroyed.

Although symptoms may suggest the presence of adenovirus, distinguishing these infections from other viruses can be difficult.

There are eight different kinds of human herpes viruses.

Viruses behave differently than bacteria.

While bacteria are independent and can reproduce on their own, viruses enter human cells and force them to make more viruses.

The infected human cell dies and releases thousands of new viruses.

In addition, the herpes virus can infect a cell, and instead of making the cell produce new viruses, it hides inside the cell and waits.

At some future time, the virus "awakens" and causes the cell to produce thousands of new viruses that cause an active infection.

At some point in the future, latent viruses become activated and once again cause sores or recurrent infections.

These antiviral drugs work by interfering with the reproduction of the viruses and are most effective when taken as early in the infection as possible.

Antiviral drug-A medication that can destroy viruses and help treat illnesses caused by them.

Fever, an elevation of normal body temperature, is a natural response of the body that helps fight off foreign substances, such as microorganisms (bacteria and viruses), parasites, fungi, and toxins.

Supporting the immune system is one way to help avoid infection by exposure to bacteria, viruses, and toxins as a potential source of fever.

Although FUO cannot actually be prevented because the sources are unknown, the immune system can be strengthened to help avoid infection from bacteria, viruses, and toxins.

Leukocyte-A white blood cell that defends the body against invading viruses, bacteria, and cancer cells.

Most cases of bronchiolitis are caused by viruses, the most common of which is respiratory syncytial virus.

Like most types of respiratory viruses, the viruses that cause bronchiolitis are usually contracted through breathing in infected droplets that are sprayed out by another ill individual during coughing or sneezing.

Bronchiolitis is spread the same way that most other respiratory viruses are communicated, through droplets and contact with infected nasal secretions.

However, spermicides alone do not kill HIV or other sexually transmitted viruses and do not prevent the spread of HIV and other STDs.

A very effective vaccine exists, made of live measles viruses that have been treated so that they cannot cause actual infection.

The important markers on the viruses are intact, however, which causes an individual's immune system to react.

Most cases of viral meningitis are caused by enteroviruses (viruses that typically cause stomach flu).

The EBV that causes mononucleosis is related to a group of herpes viruses, including those that cause cold sores, chickenpox, and shingles.

Herpes virus-A family of viruses including herpes simplex types 1 and 2, and herpes zoster (also called varicella zoster).

Herpes viruses cause several infections, all characterized by blisters and ulcers, including chickenpox, shingles, genital herpes, and cold sores or fever blisters.

It is often a complication of bacterial infections, although it can also be caused by viruses or other disease agents.

Streptococcal and staphylococcal bacteria are the most common causes of lymphadenitis, although viruses, protozoa, rickettsiae, fungi, and the tuberculosis bacillus can also infect the lymph nodes.

Taken together, these viruses account for a significant number of deaths in infants.

This group of viruses can live on the hands for up to half an hour and on toys or other inanimate objects for several hours.

Scientists had, as of 2004, not understood why RSV viruses attack the lower respiratory system in infants and the upper respiratory system in adults.

Paramyxovirus-A genus of viruses that includes the causative agent of mumps.

The diagnosis of enterobacterial infections is complicated by the fact that viruses, protozoa, and other types of bacteria can also cause diarrhea.

It can be caused by nearly any class of organism known to cause human infections, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

The tetracyclines will not work for colds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.

Vaccines are medicines that contain weakened or dead bacteria or viruses.

When the child comes in contact with live bacteria or viruses of the same kind that are in the vaccine, the antibodies prevent those organisms from making the child sick.

Vaccines contain antigens (weakened or dead viruses, bacteria, and fungi that cause disease and infection).

The antibodies are produced to fight the weakened or dead viruses in the vaccine.

The antibodies "practice" on the weakened viruses, preparing the immune system to destroy real and stronger viruses in the future.

However, spermicides do not kill HIV or other sexually transmitted viruses and do not prevent the spread of HIV and other STDs.

Coxsackie viruses belong to a family of viruses called enteroviruses.

These viruses live in the gastrointestinal tract and are, therefore, present in feces.

The fluid within the vesicles contains large quantities of the causative viruses.

Enterovirus-Any of a group of viruses that primarily affect the gastrointestinal tract.

Inflammatory myopathies often occur as a result of exposure to viruses or drugs, but it is almost impossible to predict their development.

The viruses causing primary encephalitis can be epidemic or sporadic.

The viruses live in animal hosts and mosquitoes that transmit the disease.

There are more than a dozen viruses that can cause encephalitis, spread by either human-to human contact or by animal bites.

Mosquitoes spread viruses responsible for equine encephalitis (eastern and western types), St. Louis encephalitis, California encephalitis, and Japanese encephalitis.

The risk of contracting a mosquito-borne virus is greatest in mid- to late summer, when mosquitoes are most active, in those rural areas where these viruses are known to exist.

The viruses responsible for these diseases are classified as arbovirus, and these diseases are collectively called arbovirus encephalitis.

Viruses that respond to acyclovir include herpes simplex, the most common cause of sporadic (non-epidemic) encephalitis in the United States.

Mosquito-borne viruses may be avoided by preventing mosquito bites.

Vaccines are available against some viruses, including polio, herpes B, Japanese encephalitis, and equine encephalitis.

Antiviral drugs act against diseases caused by viruses.

Viruses represent a large group of infective agents that are composed of a core of nucleic acids, either RNA or DNA, surrounded by a layer of protein.

Viruses can reproduce only inside a living cell, and they cause many diseases.

Zanamivir (relenza), used to treat influenza infections caused by viruses types A and B in adults and children over the age of seven.

These drugs are specific for individual viruses and offer no benefit for conditions caused by other viruses.

Retrovirus-A family of RNA viruses containing a reverse transcriptase enzyme that allows the viruses' genetic information to become part of the genetic information of the host cell upon replication.

A few other viruses (called enteroviruses) can produce a similar fever-then-rash illness, which is usually also called roseola.

They act like filters to trap bacteria and viruses entering the body through the mouth and sinuses.

Tonsillitis is caused by viruses or bacteria that make the tonsils swell and become inflamed.

Since most sore throats in children are caused by viruses rather than bacteria, the doctor may take a throat culture in order to test for the presence of streptococcal bacteria.

Strengthening the immune system is important whether tonsillitis is caused by bacteria or viruses.

The bacteria and viruses that cause tonsillitis are easily spread from person to person.

Tonsils act like filters to trap bacteria and viruses.

The most commonly responsible germs are viruses that are members of the herpes family.

The herpes family of viruses share some common characteristics, including the capacity for long life, going into a dormant phase that in some cases can literally last decades following infection, having an affinity for nerve tissue.

Herpes viruses are the cause of infections as diverse as sexually transmitted diseases, chickenpox and cold sores.

Other herpes viruses such as Epstein-Barr, responsible for mononucleosis as well as the viruses causing the common cold, influenza (the flu) are all potential culprits for causing this condition.

Impairment of the immune system has been unquestionably determined to be the reason why Herpes Viruses are reactivated from a dormant state and re-infect children causing Bell's palsy.

Herpesvirus-A family of viruses including herpes simplex types 1 and 2, and herpes zoster (also called varicella zoster).

The T cell protects the body against viruses.

Like all herpes viruses, the varicella-zoster virus never leaves the body after an episode of chickenpox.

Acyclovir-An antiviral drug, available under the trade name Zovirax, used for combating chickenpox and other herpes viruses.

The viruses that cause warts are members of the human papilloma virus (HPV) family.

The most common vectors are genetically altered viruses.

Avoiding the use of vaccines made from live viruses (measles, poliovirus, mumps, rubella).

Vaccines made with killed viruses should be given regularly.

These antibodies are specific proteins (immunoglobulins) produced by the immune system to respond to bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, or toxins that invade the body.

Immunoglobulin G (IgG) is the most abundant class of immunoglobulins, directed toward viruses, bacterial organisms, and toxins.

Immunoglobulin A (IgA) is activated early in response to invasion by bacteria and viruses.

These improved methods of donor testing, as well as methods of inactivating viruses present in donated blood, have greatly lowered the risk of infection.

Children should be taught to wash their hands regularly to avoid spreading bacteria and viruses.

Pneumonia is an infection of the lungs that can be caused by nearly any class of organism known to cause human infections, including bacteria, viruses, fungi, and parasites.

The healthy human lung is sterile, with no normally resident bacteria or viruses, unlike the upper respiratory system and parts of the gastrointestinal system, where bacteria dwell even in a healthy state.

Viruses cause the majority of pneumonias in young children, especially respiratory syncytial virus, parainfluenza and influenza viruses, and adenovirus.

Inactivated influenza vaccine contains killed viruses and is given by intramuscular injection.

These vaccines only protect against the type of influenza viruses from which they are made.

Type A viruses are found in many different animals, including ducks, chickens, pigs, whales, horses, and seals.

Influenza B viruses circulate widely, but only among humans.

Type C viruses, also only among humans, cause a very mild infection, and flu vaccines do not include protection against type C influenza.

Food may be contaminated by bacteria, viruses, environmental toxins, or toxins present within the food itself, such as the poisons in some mushrooms or seafood.

Food and water can also be contaminated by viruses such as the Norwalk and hepatitis viruses.

Food poisoning is not spread from one individual to another but through direct contact with the causative bacteria, viruses, or other toxins in consumed food.

Weakened viruses for vaccines are grown in cell cultures.

However unlike other weakened viruses, varicella zoster remains in the cell rather than being secreted from the cell and collected from the culture medium.

These dormant viruses are concentrated in nerve cells near the spinal cord and may reactivate in adults, causing the disease herpes zoster or shingles.

However, antiviral drugs for treating herpes viruses, including acyclovir or valacyclovir, should not be administered within 24 hours of Varivax, because these drugs can reduce the effectiveness of the vaccine.

Immunity-Ability to resist the effects of agents, such as bacteria and viruses, that cause disease.

Bacteria, fungi, and viruses have all been implicated in causing otitis externa.

Two types of viruses, called herpesvirus hominis and varicella-zoster virus, have also been identified as causing otitis externa.

Gastroenteritis is caused by the ingestion of viruses, certain bacteria, or parasites.

The four types of viruses that cause most viral gastroenteritis include rotavirus, adenovirus, calicivirus, and astrovirus.

This family of viruses includes the noroviruses (such as the Norwalk virus) and the sapoviruses (such as the sapporo virus).

These viruses are the most likely to produce vomiting as a major symptom.

Thorough hand washing is the most effective way to prevent the fecal-oral transmission of certain viruses, especially rotaviruses.

The function of the immune system is to respond to organisms and substances that invade the body, such as bacteria, viruses, fungi, parasites, and toxins, by producing antibodies against them.

IgG antibodies, the specific immunoglobulins absent or reduced in CVID, are targeted at bacterial organisms, viruses, and certain toxins.

Cytomegalovirus (CMV) is a virus related to the group of herpes viruses.

Like other herpes viruses, CMV remains inactive (dormant) within the body for life after the initial infection.

Viruses, such as those that cause mumps, measles, influenza, and colds may reach the inner ear following an upper respiratory infection.

Rabies are caused by viruses of the genus Lyssavirus in the family Rhabdoviridae.

The normal immune system involves a complex interaction of certain types of cells that can recognize and attack foreign invaders, such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi.

There are five types or classes of immunoglobulin that antibodies fit into, and each has a slightly different role in response against bacteria and viruses.

The cellular response of adaptive immunity is useful for attacking viruses, some parasites, and possibly cancer cells.

Severe defects in the ability of T lymphocytes to mature result in impaired immune responses to infections with viruses, fungi, and certain types of bacteria.

There are two strains of herpes simplex viruses.

Cross infection of type 1 and 2 viruses may occur from oral-genital contact.

Herpes viruses can be transmitted to a newborn during vaginal delivery in mothers infected with herpes viruses, especially if the infection is primary (first occurrence) and is active at the time of delivery.

Certain viruses, such as hepatitis and polio viruses, can also pose a threat.

The concentrate is treated to kill most viruses, although caution should be used since not all types of viruses are destroyed.

Caution should be used when treating with these blood products since they are not treated to kill viruses.

Common cold-A mild illness caused by upper respiratory viruses.

Cilia are small, hair-like projections that beat continuously and serve to constantly sweep the respiratory tract clean of such debris as mucus, bacteria, viruses, and dead cells.

Other viruses and tuberculosis infections can cause symptoms similar to those found during the paroxysmal stage.

However, cough can occur from other pertussis-like viruses.

As viruses, HSV, HPV, and HIV are treatable but not curable.

These drugs will not work for olds, flu, and other infections caused by viruses.

Its size and position allow bacteria and viruses to travel to the middle ear more easily.

Otitis media may be caused by either viruses or bacteria.

This condition can lead to an impaired clearance and pressure regulation in the middle ear, which, if sustained, may be followed by viruses and bacteria traveling from the nasopharynx to the middle ear.

Less often, the hypertrophy is due to repeated throat infections by cold viruses, strep throat, mononucleosis, and in the past, diphtheria.

Macrophage-A large white blood cell that engulfs and digests foreign invaders, such as bacteria and viruses, in an attempt to stop them from causing disease within the body.

Over 200 different viruses can cause a cold.

In addition, cold viruses can be spread through inanimate objects (door knobs, telephones, toys) that become contaminated with the virus.

Repeated exposure to viruses causing colds creates partial immunity.

Colds are caused by more than 200 different viruses.

Different groups of viruses are more infectious at different seasons of the year, but knowing the exact virus causing the cold is not important in treatment.

They point out that everyone is exposed to cold viruses, but not everyone gets every cold.

It is not possible to prevent colds because the viruses that cause colds are common and highly infectious.

Coronavirus-A genus of viruses that cause respiratory diseases and gastroenteritis.