Has Sentence Examples
He has lived more than eighty years.
Has anybody ever told you that you're beautiful?
If Len has time, maybe he could help me.
He has a mind to spend the rest of his life in that country.
If he has custody, she couldn't get the money.
It has GPS navigation.
He has been received by the Emperor.
If one of us has to leave, I'll go.
Everything has to go according to your plans, doesn't it?
If we have once seen, "the day is ours, and what the day has shown."
AdvertisementHe has a bicycle!
A lot has changed.
He says he has a cold.
You know it has cost money!
Or when he has a wife to point the way.
AdvertisementHe has a way of looking at you...
He has you and now he forgets me.
Maybe she has someone more suitable in mind.
Sometimes I think Brandon being here has backfired.
Well, he has a home office and he goes there pretty often, but I can't figure out what he's doing.
AdvertisementHe has been here about an hour.
It has living quarters at the back.
She has a way about her.
This will be extremely useful, because the game, as they say, has just changed completely.
I keep telling him that as long as he gives her money, she'll never get out of trouble, but he just says she's the only sister he has and he has the money.
AdvertisementDo you know that she has lost her father?
He has an appointment.
But the enemy has lost masses...
He has a daughter, but his wife must not live with him because he needs a sitter, she stammered.
We could say he has excellent taste.
It looks like he has other plans.
He has no choice.
They did another x-ray this morning and the infection has spread to the other lung.
A woman has a right to protect herself – any way she can.
It has to be stopped.
Has your mother always taken care of Tammy?
Has it always been on the farm?
Has she ever been wrong?
Everybody has a mother and father.
Has he started the ark yet?
She has to work late.
Like he said; he only has one mother, and he can finish his schooling later.
I bet he has an angle.
Has he been around?
Someone has to clean up this mess I made.
Neither of us has ever done this before.
How has your trip been?
It has no value to anyone but me.
He's at home with Jonathan and he can't come in because Destiny might catch what he has.
That account has $10,000 in it.
The life of a bachelor has too many advantages.
She has feelings too.
It has a familiar ring, doesn't it?
It's been almost a week and she hasn't been coughing today.
I know you've been preoccupied, but everyone else has noticed his interest in you.
I can't figure out who owns this house or who has the money.
The money comes on time and he has fulfilled all his promises.
You're the first girl who has ever accepted me for what I am.
Mom said Dad hasn't been feeling well, and he won't go to the doctor.
I want to get an engagement ring on her finger before she has time to change her mind again.
I'm the only one who hasn't lied to you.
One of us has to keep the other calm, and it won't be me.
It has always been this way.
I must know who among us has a tracking beacon.
She has father's eyes.
She has to get ready, you know.
She has the entire Reynolds family — and we'll be there for her.
Do you know he has over four million in savings?
I guess I can't deny that, but in all these years, why hasn't Uncle Fabrice's name come up in a conversation at least once?
She has to talk to father about it and she will call back later this morning to let me know when she will be here.
He says he thinks he has a cold, but the doctor told me he could get pneumonia real easy.
Mom is fixing supper and I'm sure she has something you can wear in the morning.
Some medical attention has to beat none.
After all, he has a right to know.
That has me wondering, too.
Has he moved out?
Jonathan has to go back day after tomorrow.
Has he spoken to you of going away? she asked.
He probably hasn't had any cause to speak French.
Has it been this tense the entire time?
No one has ever come this close to catching me!
Think how many Howie has accused.
The entire business of the psychic tipster has faded rapidly without new news to feed the sharks.
Claudette has no reason to be concerned about Mrs. Cade's furniture.
If he hasn't been with a woman, it's probably because he's had other ways of...
The house has been unbearably lonely without you.
It all has to do with the light.
He has direct access to you and the most to gain.
How long has it been snowing?
Yes, but he has not suggested it.
He has seven brothers.
It has me worried.
The city has immense coal piers.
It has 1500 windows.
It has also been conferred during the closing years of the 19th century by letters patent on other cities - Birmingham, Liverpool, Manchester, Bristol, Sheffield, Leeds, Cardiff, Bradford, Newcastle-on-Tyne, Belfast, Cork.
The density of helium has been determined by Ramsay and Travers as 1.98.
Instruction in the Albanian language is prohibited by the Turkish government for political reasons; a single exception has been made in the case of an American school for girls at Kortcha.
There are two conjugations; the passive formation, now wanting inmost Indo-European languages, has been retained, as in Greek; thus kerko-iy, " I seek," forms kerko-n -em, " I am sought."
In the use of these no uniform system has yet been adopted.
An alphabet of fifty-two letters, some presenting ancient Phoenician and Cretan forms, was found by Hahn in partial use at Elbassan and Tirana; its antiquity, however, has not been established.
Its population was given in 1894 as 135,232, but its area has been largely reduced since then.
The town has industries of tanning, founding, carriage-building and flour-milling.
It has no charter of incorporation.
Its geographical situation has made it a place of commercial importance throughout history.
It has several ginning factories and a cotton-mill; two high schools, one maintained by the Government and the other by the Basel German Mission.
The District Of Dharwar has an area of 4602 sq.
The whole district lies high and has no large rivers.
The early history of the territory comprised within the district of Dharwar has been to a certain extent reconstructed from the inscription slabs and memorial stones which abound there.
While resembling the parabola in extending to infinity, the curve has closest affinities to the ellipse.
The hyperbola which has for its transverse and conjugate axes the transverse and conjugate axes of another hyperbola is said to be the conjugate hyperbola.
Experience has shown how valuable and wise this course was.
The Canadian Northern railway has a remarkable network of railways connecting Winnipeg with every corner of Manitoba.
Kaisarieh is the headquarters of the American mission in Cappadocia, which has several churches and schools for boys and girls and does splendid medical work.
The resolutions of the Lambeth Conferences have never been regarded as synodical decrees, but their weight has increased with each conference.
This railway has six radiating lines leaving the city of Winnipeg, and its main line connects Port Arthur on Lake Superior with Edmonton in the west.
The Great Northern railway has also three branch lines in Manitoba and one of these has Winnipeg as its terminus.
Tecuci has a large transit trade in grain, timber, cattle and horses, on their way from northern and eastern Moldavia to the Danubian ports.
The open grate still holds favour in England, though in America and on the continent of Europe it has been superseded by the closed stove.
This has immense advantages over the ordinary type of fireplace.
Hitherto the large bill for electric energy has debarred the general use of electrical heating, in spite of its numerous advantages.
Heating by warmed air, one of the oldest methods in use, has been much improved by attention to the construction of the apparatus, and if properly installed will give as good effects as it is ossible to obtain.
The piping takes a winding or zigzag course, and by the time the outlet is reached, the water it contains has reached a high temperature.
With the success of this undertaking in view it is a matter of wonder that the example set in this instance has not been adopted to a much greater extent elsewhere.
Bale is also the authority for another assertion that figures in what has been aptly termed the poet's "traditional biography," viz.
Recent criticism has been far more impartial, and almost too much respect has been paid to his attainments, especially in the matter of metre, though Lydgate himself, with offensive lightheartedness, admits his poor craftsmanship.
Methodism has always been aggressive, and her children on emigrating have taken with them their evangelistic methods.
At the same time there has been a steadily These first three were joined in 1907 under the name of the United Methodist Church.
A fine pavilion or kiosk, named de l'Etoile, has also survived.
He did not, however, as has been supposed, spend the best years of his manhood abroad, for he was certainly at home in 1571, when the preliminaries of his marriage were arranged at Merchiston; and in 1572 he married Elizabeth, daughter of Sir James Stirling of Keir.
A few years afterwards he married again, his second wife being Agnes, daughter of Sir James 1 The descent of the first Napier of Merchiston has been traced to "Johan le Naper del Counte de Dunbretan," who was one of those who swore fealty to Edward I.
It has been asserted (by Sir Thomas Urquhart) that the piece of artillery was actually tried upon a plain in Scotland with complete success, a number of sheep and cattle being destroyed.
With respect to the calculating rods, he mentions in the dedication that they had already found so much favour as to be almost in common use, and even to have been carried to foreign countries; and that he has been advised to publish his little work relating to their mechanism and use, lest they should be put forth in some one else's name.
It has been usually supposed that John Napier was buried in St Giles's church, Edinburgh, which was certainly the burialplace of some of the family, but Mark Napier (Memoirs, p. 426) quotes Professor William Wallace, who, writing in 1832, gives strong reasons for believing that he was buried in the old church of St Cuthbert.
The work in question, which is rare, was printed at Paris, and has the date 1636 on the title-page, but the royal privilege which secured it to the author is dated in October 1635, and it may have been written several years earlier.
It has been stated that Napier's mathematical pursuits led him to dissipate his means.
The Rabdologia attracted more general attention than the logarithms, and as has been mentioned, there were several editions on the Continent.
These rules were published in the Canonis Descriptio (1614), and Napier has there given a figure, and indicated.a method, by means of which they may be proved directly.
There seems but little doubt that Napier was the first to make use of a decimal separator, and it is curious that the separator which he used, the point, should be that which has been ultimately adopted, and after a long period of partial disuse.
Aventinus, who has been called the "Bavarian Herodotus," wrote other books of minor importance, and a complete edition of his works was published at Munich (188'- 1886).
More recently a new edition (six vols.) has appeared.
Jowett's theological work was transitional, and yet has an element of permanence.
As has been said of another thinker, he was " one of those deeply religious men who, when crude theological notions are being revised and called in question seek to put new life into theology by wider and more humane ideas."
Much has been done of late years to make these subordinate standards of reformed doctrine more generally known.
Since the state endowment ceased the average income of ministers from their congregations has considerably increased.
The royal university of Parma, founded in 1601 by Ranuccio I., and reconstituted by Philip of Bourbon in 1768, has faculties in law, medicine and natural science, and possesses an observatory, and natural science collections, among which is the Eritrean Zoological Museum.
The bridge by which the Via Aemilia crossed the river Parma, from which it probably takes its name, is still preserved, but has been much altered.
The fiction of Belisarius wandering as a blind beggar through the streets of Constantinople, which has been adopted by Marmontel in his Belisaire, and by various painters and poets, is first heard of in the 10th century.
The public school system is excellent, and the city has a Carnegie library (1903), with more than 22,000 volumes in 1907.
It is also darker in colour, has less of the frontal crest, shorter legs, a longer tail, and the markings beneath take the form of bars rather than stripes, while the bill, eyes and legs are all black.
The drying-up process has been comparatively rapid since the middle of the 19th century, a town which in 1850 was on the southern margin of the lake being in 1905 over 20 m.
In the east, the country of Kanem, the desiccation has been most marked.
In either case a grave crime has been committed which deserves a grave punishment.
Go and get my kitten, please, Jellia, and we'll hear what she has to say about it.
Otto goes to every bar around that has trivia night and drinks for free.
One of us has to walk the straight and narrow.
I think it has something to do with you.
The name, it has been suggested, is identical with Libyan or Libi.
By his exposition of the political history of the kingdom, based on a study of its laws and institutions and of the legal conflicts between the state and the court of Rome, Pietro Giannone was the initiator of what has been since known as civil history.
According to Vico, law emanates from the conscience of mankind, in whom God has infused a sentiment of justice.
On these grounds it has been sought to establish a close relation between Vico and Grotius.
It has been justly observed by many that this continuous cyclical movement entirely excludes the progress of humanity towards a better future.
It has been replied that these cycles are similar without being identical, and that, if one might differ from another, the idea of progress was not necessarily excluded by the law of cycles.
Weissenfels manufactures machinery, ironware, paper and other goods, and has an electrical power-house.
In correspondence with the fundamental constitution of the zooid, each of the three segments has its own body-cavity separated from the others.
The suggestion has been made by Allmann and recently upheld by Schepotieff that Rhabdopleura is related to some of the Graptolites.
It is the chief health resort of the state, and its climate is one of the finest in Australia; it has a mean annual temperature of 58.6° F., and the summer heat is never excessive.
In addition, Albany has the finest harbour in West Australia.
The Great Southern railway has a line to the seaward end of the pier, and affords direct communication with the interior of the colony.
Its presence has also been detected in the sun and in meteoric iron.
In the massive state it has a colour resembling polished iron, and is malleable and very tough.
Cobalt dioxide, Co02, has not yet been isolated in the pure state; it is probably formed when iodine and caustic soda are added to a solution of a cobaltous salt.
It would have been well if Kossuth had had something more of Gdrgei's calculated ruthlessness, for, as has been truly said, the revolutionary power he had seized could only be held by revolutionary means; but he was by nature soft-hearted and always merciful; though often audacious, he lacked decision in dealing with men.
The Church has always exercised a dominating influence in this region, and the city has many churches and religious establishments.
His deposition has been ascribed to a formal act of the Witan, but this seems an antedating of constitutional methods and the circumstances point to a palace revolution.
At Kufstein, down to which point it has still pursued a north-easterly direction, it breaks through the north Tirol limestone formation, and, now keeping a northerly course, enters at Rosenheim the Bavarian high plateau.
Mr Rockefeller would not allow his name to be a part of the title, nor has he permitted the designation of any building by his name.
The struggle between them has been represented as one of a patriotic archbishop resisting the encroachments of the papacy on the Church of England.
Both still exist, but the school has been deprived of its house, and the Fitzwilliam family, who now own the lands, still continue to pay only £10 a year.
The city has railway shops and foundries, and manufactures furniture, carriages, tile, cigars and gas engines.
This body is being continually formed in the yeast cell, and decomposes the sugar which has diffused into the cell.
Duclaux stated that the yeast question as regards low fermentation has been solved by Hansen's investigations.
In the United Kingdom the employment of brewery yeasts selected from a single cell has not come into general use; it may probably be accounted for in a great measure by conservatism and the wrong application of Hansen's theories.
From the foregoing it will be seen that the term fermentation has now a much wider significance than when it was applied to such changes as the decomposition of must or wort with the production of carbon dioxide and alcohol.
It is supposed by some that Saccharomyces is a very degraded Ascomycete, in which the Torula condition has become fixed.
Duclaux found that acetic acid is formed in small quantities during fermentation; aldehyde has also been detected.
It has not, however, been possible to transform a typical top yeast into a permanent typical bottom yeast.
The Sicilian-Ionian basin has a mean depth of 885 fathoms, and the Levant basin, 793 fathoms. Deep water is found close up to the coast of Sicily, Greece, Crete and the edge of the African plateau.
The steepest slope observed occurs off the island of Sapienza, near Navarino, where 1720 fathoms has been obtained only 10 miles from land.
Dr Natterer, the chemist of the " Pola " expeditions, has expressed the opinion that the poverty of the pelagic fauna is solely due to the want of circulation in the depths.
The ovary has many cavities with a large number of ovules attached to its walls, and is surmounted by a flat stigma of many radiating rows as in a poppy.
He has also been the recipient of many foreign orders.
The "bed of Procrustes" has become proverbial.
I was like one who never casts a look behind, who hesitates before some Rubicon to be crossed, but having touched the farther bank sees no more the shore he has just left."
A recent critic has sought in religion the clue to her character and the mainspring of her genius.
As a novel Valentine has little to commend it; the plot is feeble and the characters shadowy.
It hangs in my room over a portrait the original of which no one here has seen.
The mention of Liszt has led us to anticipate the end of the story, and we must revert to 1836, when the acquaintance began.
The church of St Just, founded in the 10th century, has good wood-carving.
Arbois is well known for its red and white wines, and has saw-mills, tanneries and market gardens, and manufactures paper, oil and casks.
A theory that has received much support in the past attributes the reflections to thin bubbles of water, similar to soap-bubbles, in which form vapour was supposed to condense.
On the other hand, that the direction of complete polarization should be independent of the refracting power of the matter composing the cloud has been considered mysterious.
This has come down to us through a Latin version of an Arabic manuscript; it cannot, however, have been written by Archimedes in its present form, as his name is quoted in it more than once.
The mode of succession of the teeth in the mastodons exhibits so many stages of the process by which the dentition of elephants has been derived from that of more ordinary mammals.
The nature of these structures has been much disputed.
C. Borner has stated that the unpaired piercer is attached directly to the base of the left maxilla.
The young insect resembles its parent in most points, but the head is disproportionately large; the anterior abdominal spiracles are on the second segment instead of on the first, and the foot has only a single segment.
In 1415 it was recovered by the Turks under Mahommed I., and since that period has belonged to the Ottoman empire.
It also has a lycee, training-colleges, a school of artillery, a library and several learned societies.
It is a centre of the paper-making industry, with which the town has been connected since the 14th century.
It has stations on the London & North-Western and the Lancashire & Yorkshire railways, with running powers for the Midland railway.
The site of the church of St Peter has long been occupied by a parish church (there was one in the 12th century, if not earlier), but the existing building dates only from 1870.
The cognate industry of bleaching has been carried on since early in the 18th century, and large ironworks grew up in the latter half of the 19th century.
It consequently has four vertices and six edges.
Whilst no small amount of observational work has been done in these new branches of atmospheric electricity, the science has still not developed to a considerable extent beyond preliminary stages.
It is thus difficult to form a judgment as to what has most claim to acceptance as the general law, and what may be regarded as local or exceptional.
This method in one shape or another has been often employed.
Of liquid collectors the representative is Lord Kelvin's water-dropping electrograph; while Benndorf's is the form of radium collector that has been most used.
At any single station potential gradient has a wide range of values.
The third line gives the range of the regular diurnal inequality, the next four lines the amplitudes of the first four Fourier waves into which the regular diurnal inequality has been analysed.
Thus the 12-hour term has a much greater uniformity than the 24-hour term.
In support of his theory Exner states that he has found but little trace of the double maximum and minimum in Ceylon and elsewhere.
Gerdien has more recently repeated the experiments, employing an apparatus devised by him for the purpose.
At several stations enjoying a wide prospect the dissipation has been observed to be specially high on days of great visibility when distant mountains can be recognized.
The air, as is now known, has always present in it ions, some carrying a positive and others a negative charge, and those having the opposite sign to the charged body are attracted and tend to discharge it.
A cylinder condenser has its inner surface insulated and charged to a high positive or negative potential.
No distinct relationship has yet been established between potential gradient and radioactivity.
If, however, Mache's views were correct, we should expect a much closer connexion between I and A than has actually been observed.
Wilson supposes that by the fall to the ground of a preponderance of negatively charged rain the air above the shower has a higher positive potential than elsewhere at the same level, thus leading to large conduction currents laterally in the highly conducting upper layers.
This latter sense has been adapted and extended by modern historians concerned with the frontiers of the Roman Empire.
Indeed all the extant writings by which he has earned his place as a poet and translator belong to this period.
Douglas's literary work, now his chief claim to be remembered, belongs, as has been stated, to the period 1501-1513, when he was provost of St Giles.
From certain indications in the latter and the evidence of some odd leaves discovered by David Laing, it has been concluded that there was an earlier Edinburgh edition, which has been ascribed to Thomas Davidson, printer, and dated c. 1540.
The parts of a mushroom consist chiefly of stem and cap; the stem has a clothy ring round its middle, and the cap is furnished underneath with numerous radiating coloured gills.
These two fungi usually grow in woods, but sometimes in hedges and in shady places in meadows, or even, as has been said, as invaders on mushroom-beds.
When the weather is temperate, mushrooms will appear in about a month after the bed has been made, but at other times a much longer period may elapse.
It has more than one advantage over the meadow mushroom in its extreme commonness, its profuse growth, the length of the season in which it may be gathered, the total absence of varietal forms, its adaptability for being dried and preserved for years, and its persistent delicious taste.
Colon has a deep, though poorly sheltered harbour, and is either the terminus or a place of call for seven lines of steamships.
The United States government has also opened a port at Cristobal, within the Canal Zone.
A considerable overland trade has sprung up since the opening of Mengtsze.
Cannock has tool, boiler, brick and tile works.
The city has a fine court-house, a United States government building, a Carnegie library and a large auditorium.
Joplin is the trade centre of a rich agricultural and fruit-growing district, but its growth has been chiefly due to its situation in one of the must productive zinc and lead regions in the country, for which it is the commercial centre.
The plateau portion of West Virginia is largely covered by hardwood forests, but along the Ohio river and its principal tributaries the valuable timber has been removed and considerable areas have been wholly cleared for farming and pasture lands.
Much of the natural gas is piped out of the state into Ohio (even into the northern parts), Kentucky, Pennsylvania and Maryland; within the state gas has been utilized as a fuel in carbon black and glass factories.
Railway development in West Virginia has been due largely to the exploitation of the coal and lumber resources of the state.
The Monongahela has been improved by locks and dams to Fairmont.
The Little Kanawha, which has also been improved, serves chiefly for the transportation of logs which are floated down to the Ohio.
In order to relieve the circuit judges the legislature has established by special acts inferior courts, generally with criminal jurisdiction only, in nine counties of the state.
Each of the magisterial districts (of which, as has been said, there must be at least three and not more than ten in each county) elects one or two magistrates and constables, and a board of education of three members.
Clermont has several handsome squares ornamented with fountains, the chief of which is a graceful structure erected by Bishop Jacques d'Amboise in 1515.
Montferrand has several interesting houses of the 15th and 16th centuries, and a church of the 13th,14th and 15th centuries.
It also has important fisheries.
The first has an elevation of 354 ft., the second of 259, and the third of 202.
Erith has large engineering and gun factories, and in the neighbourhood are gunpowder, oil, glue and manure works.
At Magdalen College, Oxford, is one which is perforated, and has a most beautiful effect.
The Latin term is consecratio, which of course has a variety of senses, including simple burial.
The town has considerable repute as a health resort, owing partly to its elevation (737 ft.) and partly to the natural charms of the district.
The place has become an important junction of the Great North of Scotland railway system.
It is thus different from legal fiction, by which a new rule is introduced surreptitiously, and under the pretence that no change has been made in the law, and from statutory legislation, in which the obligatory force of the rule is not supposed to depend upon its intrinsic fitness.
English equity has one marked historical peculiarity, viz.
We shall suppose they did it upon great consideration and weighing of the matter, and it would be very strange and very ill if we should disturb and set aside what has been the course for a long series of times and ages."
From that time certainly equity, like common law, has professed to take its principles wholly from recorded decisions and statute law.
An elaborate symmetry is observable in the construction of many of his elegies, and this has tempted critics to divide a number of them into strophes.
Cattle-raising, however, has received some attention and is the principal industry of the landowners.
In 1752 its capital was situated on the right bank of the Guapore river and was named Villa Bella da Santissima Trindade de Matto Grosso, but in 1820 the seat of government was removed to Cuyaba and Villa Bella has fallen into decay.
At La Carlota the Spanish government established a station for the study of the culture of sugar-cane; by the American government this has been converted into a general agricultural experiment station, known as "Government Farm."
It has a length of 52 m., and an average width of 1 2 m.
Lava streams and other signs of volcanic action abound, but there has been no igneous activity since the Spaniards took possession.
An interval of three years without rain has been known.
The university, founded in 1869, built mainly of basalt, has schools of arts, medicine, chemistry and mineralogy.
The name has a curious origin, which explains also the particular meaning of the adjective "spruce," neatly dressed, smart in appearance, fine.
The work of fortifying the place has been carried on by the British government, which possesses here a naval hospital, military prison and other necessary institutions.
Since the British occupation Valletta has been a naval and military station of the first importance.
This medieval fortress, strong by art as well as position before the invention of modern artillery, has since undergone numerous sieges.
The period of Vansittart's government has been truly described as "the most revolting page of our Indian history."
Against his private character not even calumny has breathed a reproach.
The conseil colonial, besides its advisory functions, discusses and votes the budget, determines the nature of the taxes, has supreme control over the tariffs, and extensive powers in the administration of colonial domains.
Norfolk is the see of a Protestant Episcopal bishopric. The city has a public park of 110 acres and various smaller ones, and in the vicinity are several summer resorts, notably Virginia Beach, Ocean View, Old Point Comfort, Pine Beach and Willoughby Beach.
The progress of civilization has resulted in a vast change in the method of punishment.
On the one hand the retributive principle itself has been very largely superseded by the protective and the reformative; on the other punishments involving bodily pain have become objectionable to the general sense of society.
It lies on the south side of the Bukken Fjord, and has a picturesque harbour well sheltered by islands.
Stavanger is the first port of call for northward-bound passenger steamers from Hull and Newcastle, and has regular services from all the Norwegian coast towns, from Hamburg, &c. A railway runs south along the wild and desolate coast of Jaederen, one of the few low and unprotected shores in Norway, the scene of many wrecks.
The municipal borough is under a mayor, 6 aldermen and 18 councillors, and has an area of 2751 acres.
By arrangement with the Chinese government a branch of the Imperial maritime customs has been established there for the collection of duties upon goods coming from or going to the interior, in accordance with the general treaty tariff.
It has a N.E.
Biagio has been built, is uncertain.'
A village of the Byzantine period has been explored at Balatizzo, immediately to the south of the modern town (Notizie degli Scavi, 1900, 511-520).
A steel cylinder (about the thickness of a goose-quill), which forms the micrometer screw, has two threads cut upon it, one-half being cut with a thread double the pitch of the other.
Flamsteed, in the first volume of the Historia coelestis, has inserted a series of measurements made by Gascoigne extending from 1638 to 1643.
It will be sufficient to describe those forms with which the most important work has been done, or which have survived the tests of time and experience.
With the Cape micrometer a systematic difference has been found in the coincidence point for head above and head below amounting to o"-14.
The application of photography to exact astronomy has created the necessity for new forms of apparatus to measure the relative positions of stellar and planetary images on photographic plates, and the relative positions of lines in photographic spectra.
The problem has been how to accomplish this work with the minimum of labour consistent with the desired accuracy.
The adoption of a reseau photographed upon the plate has greatly facilitated the procedure.
Thus a latent image of the " reseau-lines " will be formed on the sensitive plate, and, when the latter has been exposed to the sky in the telescope, we obtain, on development, a negative of the images both of the stars and of the reseau-lines.
The apparatus has been used with complete success at the Royal Observatory, Cape of Good Hope, and at Melbourne, Sydney and Cordoba.
Still more recently the method has been largely employed at the Cape of Good Hope and elsewhere.
In the case of the original Repsold plan without clockwork the description is not quite exact, because both the process of following the object and correcting the aim are simultaneously performed; whilst, if the clockwork runs uniformly and the friction-disk is set to the proper distance from the apex of the cone, the star will appear almost perfectly at rest, and the observer has only to apply delicate corrections by differential gear - a condition which is exactly analogous to that of training a modern gun-sight upon a fixed object.
The micrometer-screw S has a pitch of 0.5 mm., its head is divided into too parts.
Bavaria has been ruled by the Wittelsbachs.
The city has lumber and fishing interests (perch, whitefish, sturgeon, pickerel, bass, &c. being caught in Saginaw Bay), large machine shops and foundries (value of products in 1905, $ 1, 743, 1 55, or 31% of the total of the city's factory products), and various manufactures, including ships (wooden and steel), wooden ware, woodpipe, veneer, railroad machinery, cement, alkali and chicory.
A salt basin underlies the city, and, next to the lumber industry, the salt industry was the first to be developed, but its importance has dwindled; the product value in 1905 being $20,098 out of $5,620,866 for all factory products.
These two groups are divided by the deep valley of the Tirso, the only real river in Sardinia, which has a course of 94 m.
In the eastern region this was the last folding which has affected the country, and the Mesozoic and Tertiary beds are almost undisturbed.
The island has a bad reputation for malaria, due to the fact that it offers a considerable quantity of breeding places for the Anopheles claviger, the mosquito whose bite conveys the infection.
In the aeneolithic necropolis of Anghelu Ruju, near Alghero, of 63 skulls, 53 belong to the" Mediterranean " dolico-mesocephalic type and i o to a Eurasian brachycephalic type of Asiatic origin, which has been found in prehistoric tombs of other parts of Europe.
Much of the island is stony and unproductive; but cultivation has not been extended nearly as much as would be possible, and the implements are primitive.
Where rational cultivation has been introduced, it has almost always been by non-Sardinian capitalists.
Though much land previously devoted to grain culture has been planted with vines, the area under wheat, barley, beans and maize is still considerable.
Another difficulty is that Italian and foreign capitalists, have produced a great rise in prices which has not been compensated by a rise in wages.
The opportunity of utilizing the wool for textile industries has not yet been taken, though Sardinian women are accustomed to weave strong and durable cloth.
The coral fishery - mainly on the west coast - has lost its former importance.
In 1840 the freedom of mining was introduced, 2 By the law of 1906 the state has not assumed the responsibility of the construction of reservoirs for irrigation.
Leone to the west of Cagliari, and antimony and other metals near Lanusei, but in smaller quantities than in the Iglesias district, so that comparatively little mining has as yet been done there.
Sardinia has less convictions for serious crimes than any other compartimento of south Italy.
The tomb proper was no doubt covered with a mound of earth, which has in most cases disappeared.
In theory these agreements may result from the spontaneous and pacific initiative of the contracting parties, but in reality their object has almost always been to terminate more or less acute conflicts and remedy more or less disturbed situations.
It is an attractively built city, and has good mineral springs.
Sheerness has some trade in corn and seed,, and there is steamboat connexion with Port Victoria, on the opposite side of the Medway; with Southend, on the opposite side of the Thames; and with Chatham and London, and the town is in some favour as a seaside resort.
No record of his studies is to be found, but he has left an amusing account of his part in the wilder doings of the university life of that day, in which, in spite of his small stature, he was recognized by his fellows as their leader.
An able paper written by him to the king in support of these principles, on the ground especially of their advantage to trade, has been preserved.
Dryden, while compelled to honour him as an upright judge, overwhelmed his memory with scathing, if venal, satire; and Dryden's satire has been accepted as truth by later historians.
The town has wide streets and contains several old churches, one of which, a Roman Catholic church, built in the 14th century, has a tower 33 o ft.
It has an old town hall, a theatre and several statues of eminent men.
The beer of Schweidnitz has long been famous under the name of "Schwarze Schdps," and in the 16th century it was exported as far as Italy.
It has a dry and equable climate and beautiful scenery.
Asheville is a market for live-stock, dairy products, lumber and fruits, and has various manufactories (in which a good water-power is utilized), including tanneries, cotton mills, brick and tile factories, and a wood-working and veneer plant.
He has been designated the "Restorer of Protestantism in France," and was the organizer of the "Church of the Desert."
Dr Ginsburg had one predecessor in the field, the learned Jacob ben Chajim, who in 1524-1525 published the second Rabbinic Bible, containing what has ever since been known as the Massorah; but neither were the materials available nor was criticism sufficiently advanced for a complete edition.
The name is also applied to a special kind of wall-paper, which has an appearance almost like cloth, or, in the more expensive kinds, of velvet.
The old castle of Schwanenburg (formerly the residence of the dukes of Cleves), has a massive tower (Schwanenturm) 180 ft.
The building has been restored in modern times to serve as a court of justice and a prison.
Owing to the beautiful woods which surround it and its medicinal waters Cleves has become a favourite summer resort.
The city has a station on the North Western railway 32 m.
Such a view of existence has been common throughout the history of thought, and especially among physical scientists.
The Bohemian historian, Palacky, fifty years ago thoroughly disproved this accusation, and, though it has recently been revived by German historians, it must undoubtedly be considered as a calumny.
In spite of the misfortunes of the last years of his reign, Podébrad's memory has always been cherished by the Bohemians.
Papers by him have appeared in the mathematical journals of Italy, France, Germany and England, and he has published several important works, many of which have been translated into other languages.
The administration of the Servian railways has its factory for repairing engines and principal store of materials in the city, which also possesses an iron foundry.
It has post and telegraph offices and a lively trade in wool, cotton and dry fruits (almonds, pistachios).
To the north of the village, which has extended greatly as a residential suburb of the metropolis, is Mill Hill, with a Roman Catholic Missionary College, opened in 1871, with branches at Rosendaal, Holland and Brixen, Austria, and a preparatory school at Freshfield near Liverpool; and a large grammar school founded by Nonconformists in 1807.
The oil when brought to the surface has the appearance of a whitish-blue water, which gives out brilliant straw-coloured rays, and emits a strong pungent odour.
The left wing was totally destroyed by the bombardment of 1795, but has since been restored.
The growth of the plant is slow, and its durability proportionately great, its death being determined generally by that of the tree on which it has established itself.
For, as the medieval Portuguese stated, it is merely a generic term for the capital of any considerable chief, and it has been applied even by them to several distinct places.
The interior has been much destroyed by the ravages of gold-seekers and amateur excavators.
The "Acropolis" is in some ways more remarkable than the great kraal which has just been described.
It has a river-frontage of 4.1 m., the Thames making two deep bends, enclosing the Isle of Dogs on the north and a similar peninsula on the Greenwich side.
Widnes is one of the principal seats of the alkali and soap manufacture, and has also grease-works for locomotives and waggons, copper works, iron-foundries, oil and paint works and sail-cloth manufactories.
He may, in fact, be called the father of modern pathology, for his view, that every animal is constituted by a sum of vital units, each of which manifests the characteristics of life, has almost uniformly dominated the theory of disease.since the middle of the 59th century, when it was enunciated.
Examples may perhaps occasionally still be found in the uninhabited forests of Hungary and Transylvania, and occasionally in Spain and Greece, as well as in the Caucasus and in some of the Swiss cantons, but the original race has in most countries interbred with the domestic cat wherever the latter has penetrated."
Remains of the wild cat occur in English caverns; while from those of Ireland (where the wild species has apparently been unknown during the historic period) have been obtained jaws and teeth which it has been suggested are referable to the Egyptian rather than to the European wild cat.
As to long-haired cats, there appear originally to have been two closely-allied strains, the Angora and the Persian, of which the former has been altogether replaced in western Europe by the latter.
Siamese cats may have the tail either straight or kinked, but whether the latter feature belongs of right to the breed, or has been acquired by crossing with the ordinary black and tabby kink-tailed cats of the country, is not known.
When the office increased in importance the mayors of the palace did not, as has been thought, pursue an identical policy.
I was told that it had been printed, but that every copy had been at the same time burnt at Rome, and that Galileo had been himself condemned to some penalty" 14 He has also seen a copy of Galileo's condemnation .
He has alluded to a childish fancy for a young girl with a slight obliquity of vision; but he only mentions it 1 Ouvres, x.
The force of the universe is swept up and gathered in God, who communicates motion to the parts of extension, and sustains that motion from moment to moment; and in the same way the force of mind has really been concentrated in God.
Every moment one expects to find Descartes saying with Hobbes that man's thought has created God, or with Spinoza and Malebranche that it is God who really thinks in the apparent thought of man.
The only circumstance which physics has to consider is the transference of movement from one particle to another, and the change of its direction.
Descartes has laid down three laws of nature, and seven secondary laws regarding impact.
Extended body has no limits to its extent, though the power of God has divided it in lines discriminating its parts in endless ways.
In both these doctrines of a priori science Descartes has not been subverted, but, if anything, corroborated by the results of experimental physics; for the so-called atoms of chemical theory already presuppose, from the Cartesian point of view, certain aggregations of the primitive particles of matter.
But in other cases the encrusted star settles in that portion of the revolving vortex which has a velocity equivalent to its own, and so continues to revolve in the vortex, wrapped in its own firmament.
It should be added that the modern theory of vortex-atoms (Lord Kelvin's) to explain the constitution of matter has but slight analogy with Cartesian doctrine, and finds a parellel, if anywhere, in a modification of that doctrine by Malebranche.
But the investigation by which he reaches them has the merit of first prominently publishing and establishing the law of the refraction of light.
This theory, he believed, would afford an explanation of every phenomenon whatever, and in nearly every department of knowledge he has given specimens of its power.
A fire without light, compared to the heat which gathers in a haystack when the hay has been stored before it was properly dry - heat, in short, as an agitation of the particles - is the motive cause of the contraction and dilatations of the heart.
The presentation of some object of dread, for example, to the eye has or may have a double effect.
Gyula-Fehervar is the seat of a Roman Catholic bishop, and has a fine Roman Catholic cathedral, built in the 1 nth century in Romanesque style, and rebuilt in 5443 by John Hunyady in Gothic style.
The tree has a remarkable appearance, due to shedding its primary branches for about five-sixths of its height and replacing them by a small bushy growth, the whole resembling a tall column crowned with foliage, suggesting to its discoverer, Captain Cook, a tall column of basalt.
In 1557, however, a great flood caused the Tiber to change its course, so that it no longer flowed under the walls of the castle, but some half a mile farther west; and its old bed (Fiume Morto) has ever since then served as a breeding ground for the malarial mosquito (Anopheles claviger).
An electric tramway has been constructed from Rome to Ostia and thence to the seashore, now some 2 m.
The south-eastern portion of the city has been excavated only very partially.
It is in a rich farming region, of which Indian corn and oats are important products, and has a large trade.
No theologian save Augustine has had an equal influence on the theological thought and language of the Western Church, a fact which was strongly emphasized by Leo XIII.
The subject is man, treated as Aristotle does, according to his TE¦os, and so Aquinas discusses all the ethical, psychological and theological questions which arise; but any theological discussion upon man must be mainly ethical, and so a great proportion of the first part, and almost the whole of the second, has to do with ethical questions.
The city has extensive manufactures of heavy machinery, electric supplies, brass and copper products and silk goods.
Sueca has a thriving trade in grain and fruit from the Jucar valley, which is irrigated by waterways created by the Moors.
It has been doubted whether Pericles favoured this enterprise, but among its chief promoters were two of his friends, Lampon the soothsayer and Hippodamus the architect.
Pericles' home policy has been much debated since ancient times.
Vancouver has well-paved streets and is well supplied with water, electric lighting, electric cars and all the improvements of a modern city.
From the time of its foundation as a Greek colony to the present day it has always been a considerable emporium of commerce, and it was for two centuries and a half the capital of an empire.
The railway by Batoum to Baku by way of Tiflis has tended greatly to turn the channel of commerce from Trebizond into Russian territory, since it helps to open the route to Erivan, Tabriz and the whole of Persia.
The cause of this long duration, and at the same time the secret of its history, is to be found in the isolated position of Trebizond and its district, between the mountains and the sea, which has already been described.
It has been traced certainly to the 13th, and conjecturally to the 12th century.
Another MS. of the same century has a picture - crude, but spirited - which brings us into close touch with the existing game.
It has existed in France since the 17th century.
Perhaps the most interesting proof that bowls is a true Volksspiel is to be found in the fact that it has become municipalized.
The leader has to place the mat, to throw the jack, to count the game, and to call the result of each end or head to the skip who is at the other end of the green.
On Scottish greens the leader has only a single throw.
Difference of opinion prevails as to the condition of the jack after it has been driven into the ditch.
According to Scottish rules, unless it has been forced clean out of bounds, such a jack is still alive.
If he pass between the jack and either bowl he scores one, although it is not easy to see what driving he has done.
From this early astrological use the form of "glory" or "nimbus" has been adapted or inherited under new beliefs.
He has published, amongst other works, Schleiermachers Stellung zum Christentum in seinen Reden fiber die Religion (1888), and a Life of his father (2 vols., 1829-96).
With God as "First Cause" or "Moral Legislator" theology has no concern; nor is it interested in the "speculative" problems indicated by the traditional doctrine of the Trinity.
Again, Christ has for the religious life of the community the unique value of Founder and Redeemer.
Ritschl is so faithful to the standpoint of the religious community, that he has nothing definite to say on many inevitable questions, such as the relation of God to pagan races.
It is in the heart of the manufacturing district of the West Riding, and has large woollen and worsted factories; carpets, machinery and soap are also produced.
At Bagdad it has an average breadth of about 200 yards and a current in flood time of about 44 m.
Indeed, the lower course of the Tigris, even more than that of the Euphrates, has always been subject to change.
In two cases, however, it has been found in the absence of appreciable quantities of uranium and thorium compounds, namely in beryl, and in sylvine (potassium chloride).
Strutt has suggested that helium in hot springs may be derived from the disintegration of common rocks at great depths.
There are valuable forests in the mountainous districts, a part of which has been set aside for preservation under the name of the Luquillo forest reserve.
Maps of the 16th and 17th centuries often show Cambaluc in an imaginary region to the north of China, a part of the misconception that has prevailed regarding Cathay.
As a river-port and the terminus of railways from Varna and from Sofia via Trnovo, it has much commercial importance; and it possesses tobacco and cigarette factories, soap-works, breweries, aerated water factories, dyeworks, tanneries, sawmills, brick and tile works and a celebrated pottery.
A large sugar-beet industry has also sprung up here in modern times.
It has five wide arches, the central one having a span of 35 ft., and is well preserved.
He destroyed the royal palace by fire, an act which has been variously estimated by historians.
Ostensibly a solemn revenge for the burning of Greek temples by Xerxes, it has been justified as a symbolical act calculated to impress usefully the imagination of the East, and condemned as a senseless and vainglorious work of destruction.
That to fit the actions and distances covered by Alexander into such a scheme, assuming that he went by Seistan and Kandahar, would involve physical impossibilities has been pointed out by Count Yorck v.
The natural basis for a standard musical pitch is the voice, particularly the male voice, which has been of greater importance historically.
There is no reason to suppose the human voice has varied, during the period of which we have evidence, more than other physical attributes.
Any note may be a pitch note; for orchestras custom has settled upon a' in the treble clef, for organs and pianos in Great Britain c 2, and for modern brass instruments b flat'.
This transposition has had, as we shall see, much to do with the history of our subject, ultimately influencing the ecclesiastical chant and lasting until the 17th century of our era.
The Halberstadt organ, about which so much has been written, was, according to Praetorius (Syntagma musicum, Wolffenbi ttel, 1618), built in 1361, and repaired or rebuilt 1495.
Scheibler, by his simple and accurate tonometer, has recorded pitches in Vienna about 1834 from a1 433.9 to 440.2.
Great Britain has been the last to fall in, but the predominance of the low pitch, introduced at Covent Garden Opera since 1880, is assured.
It is irregularly built, with narrow streets, but has a spacious market-place.
The Tuesday market has long been discontinued.
With the development of cotton and silk industries the town has increased enormously, and is now second in importance only to Derby among the towns of the county.
Its long subjection to Turkey has left little trace of antiquity, and the most striking features in the general view are the minarets of the disused mosques (only four are now in use) and the Mahommedan burying-grounds.
Since the 5th century it has been the seat of an archbishop, who has now fifteen suffragans.
The event showed that he judged the situation rightly - the religious scheme announced by him, though not accepted in all its details, became the dominant policy of the later time, and he has been justly called ' The stricter marriage law is formulated in Lev.
Havet's contention (in La Modernite des prophetes) that Gog represents the Parthians (40 B.C.) has little or nothing in its support.
This appears to be an independent form of the vision, which has been brought into connexion with that of i.
The present population of the island is about 4000, of which the capital has about 2000.
It has an area of 2663 sq.
The derivation of the word has been much debated.
It has, however, been revived in modern times under the name of "New Delft."
The city has also a large trade in cotton, the annual receipts averaging about ioo,000 bales.
Since then this pest has spread across the African continent and even reached Madagascar.
But he is always ingenious, often witty, and nobody has carried farther than he the harmony of diction, sometimes marred by an affectation of symmetry and an excessive use of antithesis.
In modern times it has been more criticized than read.
The 15th century has the honour of composing the great commentary on the text of the Canon, grouping around it all that theory had imagined, and all that practice had observed.
Albania is perhaps the least-known region in Europe; and though more than a hundred years have passed since Gibbon described it as "a country within sight of Italy, which is less known than the interior of America," but little progress has yet been made towards a scientific knowledge of this interesting land and its inhabitants.
A proposal to confine the Drin to its former course by means of a dyke, and to ease the downflow of the Boyana by a canal opening navigation to Lake Scutari, has long been considered by the Turkish authorities.
The trade of the northern and western districts has to some extent been diverted to Salonica since the opening of the railways from that town to Mitrovitza and Monastir.
The manufacture of highly ornate firearms, yataghans and other weapons at Scutari, Jakova and Prizren has declined, owing to the importation of modern rifles and revolvers.
The determination with which this remarkable race has maintained its mountain stronghold through a long series of ages has hitherto met with scant appreciation in the outside world.
While the heroism of the Montenegrins has been lauded by writers of all countries, the Albanians - if we except Byron's eulogy of the Suloits - still remain unsung.
Shkiipetar has been variously interpreted.
No traveller can venture into the mountain districts without the bessa of one of the inhabitants; once this has been obtained he will be hospitably welcomed.
In some districts there is a fixed price of blood; at Argyrokastro, for instance, the compensation paid by the homicide to the relatives of his victim is 1200 piastres (about £10), at Khimara 2000 piastres; once the debt has been acquitted amicable relations are restored.
The costume of the Tosks differs from that of the Ghegs; its distinctive feature is the white plaited linen fustanella or petticoat, which has been adopted by the Greeks; the Ghegs wear trews of white or crimson native cloth adorned with black braid, and a short, close-fitting jacket, which in the case of wealthy persons is embellished with gold lace.
Their hereditary chiefs, or capidans, belong to the family known as Dera e Jon Markut (the house of John Marco), which has ruled for 200 years and is supposed to be descended from Scanderbeg.
In 1880 Prenk was kidnapped by the Turkish authorities and exiled to Anatolia; another member of the ruling family was appointed kaimakam, but the Mirdites refused to obey him, and their district has ever since been in a state of anarchy.
Owing to the proximity of the capital this group is comparatively subject to the Turkish power, and pays a small annual tribute; the chiefs, who assess and collect the tribute, form a kind of administrative council; the confederation has also an official representative council at Scutari, called the Jibal, under the presidency of a Serkarde or Moslem official.
Since the time of Ali Pasha, who broke the power of the local chieftains, southern Albania has been subject to the central Turkish power; before that period the mountaineers of Suli and Khimara enjoyed an independence similar to that of the Gheg tribes.
The Orthodox Church has metropolitans at Prizren, Durazzo, Berat, Iannina and Kortcha; the Bulgarian exarchate maintains a bishop at Dibra.
Victor Cousin has devoted four volumes to her, which, though immensely diffuse, give a vivid picture of her time.
The town has a station on the Southern Mahratta railway.
Denver has an art museum and a zoological museum.
Denver has also large foundries and machine shops, flour and grist mills, and slaughtering and meat-packing establishments.
But, in contrast with Congregationalism, when they elect and "call" a minister their action has to be sustained by the presbytery, which judges of his fitness for that particular sphere, of the measure of the congregation's unanimity, and of the adequacy of financial support.
The moderator has not a deliberative, but only a casting vote.
The kirk-session has oversight of the congregation in regard to such matters as the hours of public worship, the arrangements for administration of the sacraments, the admission of new Members and the exercise of church discipline.
The moderator has no special power or supremacy over his brethren, but is honoured and obeyed as Primus inter pares.
It has oversight of all the congregations within its bounds; hears references from kirk-sessions or appeals from individual members; sanctions the formation of new congregations; superintends the education of students for the ministry; stimulates and guides pastoral and evangelistic work; and exercises discipline over all within its bounds, including the ministers.
The presbytery fixes the former for specific business; the latter is summoned by the moderator, either on his own initiative or on the requisition of two or more members of presbytery, for the transaction of business which has suddenly emerged.
This has led in some quarters to a desire that the moderator should be clothed with greater responsibility and have his period of office prolonged; should be made, in fact, more of a bishop in the Anglican sense of the word.
Its evolution and the thorough application of its principles to actual church life came later, not in Saxony or Switzerland, but in France and Scotland; and through Scotland it has passed to all English-speaking lands.
The form of worship associated with Presbyterianism has been marked by extreme simplicity.
On the whole, the preponderating preference has always been in favour of so-called extemporaneous, or free prayer; and the Westminster Directory of Public Worship has to a large extent stereotyped the form and order of the service in most Presbyterian churches.
Presbyterianism has two sacraments, baptism and the Lord's Supper.
Though it is the duty of a minister to warn against irreverent or profane participation in the Lord's Supper, he himself has no right to exclude any one from communion; that can only be done as the act of himself and the elders duly assembled in session.
Since then it has met in Philadelphia, Belfast, London, Toronto, Glasgow, Washington and Liverpool.
The desire for union which led to the formation of the alliance has, since 1875, borne remarkable fruit.
Fed by the Shari and other rivers, the lake has no outlet and its area varies according to the season.
In 1870 the lake rose to an exceptional height, but since then, save in 1897, there has been only the normal seasonal rise.
Coming from the Tibesti highlands the Bahr-el-Ghazal has a south-westerly trend to Lake Chad.
One of the ancient trade routes across the Sahara - that from Tripoli to Kuka in Bornu - strikes the lake at its northwest corner, but this has lost much of its former importance.
Unlike Indra, Varuna has no myths related of him.
Avranches is seat of a sub-prefect and has a tribunal of first instance and a communal college.
In Lombardy it has a breadth of 200 yds., and a depth of 10 to 16 ft., but the strength of the current renders its navigation very difficult, and lessens its value as a means of transit between Germany and Italy.
The Adige has a course of about 220 m., and, after the Po, is the most important river in Italy.
It has two important branches - at the south-west the Gulf of Aden, connecting with the Red Sea through the strait of Bab-elMandeb; and at the north-west the Gulf of Oman, connecting with the Persian Gulf.
The Misiones territory of the extreme north-east belongs to the older highlands of Brazil, is densely wooded, and has ranges of hills sometimes rising to a height of moo to 1300 ft.
The province of Buenos Aires has more than 600 lakes, the great majority small, and some brackish.
The large saline Mar Chiquita, of Cordoba, is fed from the Sierra de Cordoba and has no outlet.
Although having a great extent of coast-line, Argentina has but few really good harbours.
The vegetation of each region has its distinctive character, modified here and there by elevation, irrigation from mountain streams, and by the saline character of the soil.
The greater part of Patagonia is comparatively barren and has no arboreal growth, except in the well-watered valleys of the Andean foothills.
Another disturbing influence has been the high protective tariffs, adopted during the closing years of the century, which increased the costs of living more rapidly than the wages for labour, and compelled thousands of immigrants to seek employment elsewhere.
Science and Literature.-Though the university of Cordoba is the oldest but one in South America, it has made no conspicuous contribution to Argentine literature beyond the historical works of its famous rector, Gregorio Funes (1749-1830).
A bureau of meteorology was afterwards created at Cordoba which has rendered valuable service.
Not only has scientific study advanced at the university of Buenos Aires, but scientific research is promoting the development of the country; examples are the geographical explorations of the Andean frontier, and especially of the Patagonian Andes, by Francisco P. Moreno.
Buenos Aires has some excellent daily journals, but the tone of the press in general is sensational.
Argentina has been a member of the Postal Union since 1878.
There has been but slight improvement since that date.
Not only has the breed of cattle been improved, but the system of grazing has completely altered.
Dairy-farming is making rapid strides, and the development of sheep-farming has been remarkable.
The export, moreover, of live sheep and of frozen mutton to Europe has become an important factor in the trade of Argentina.
Little attention is paid to methods of cultivation, and the farmer has no resources to help him if the cereal crops fail.
The guia tax on the transport of stock from one province to another, which has been declared unconstitutional in the courts, is still enforced, and is a vexatious tax upon the stock-raiser, while the consumption, or octroi, tax in Buenos Aires and other cities is a heavy burden upon small producers.
Each province has also its own judicial system.
Each province has its own constitution, which must be republican in form and in harmony with that of the nation.
Each has its own judicial system, and enacts laws relating to the administration of justice, the distribution and imposition of taxes, and all matters affecting the province.
Secular education has been vigorously opposed by strict churchmen, and efforts have been made to maintain separate schools under church control.