Genes Sentence Examples

With more than thirty thousand genes in your body, you can't expect them all to have cool names.

This gives considerable impetus to the search for genes involved.

Genes are a chemical alphabet held in every cell of the body.

For genes and genomes to maintain dynamic constancy, there must be a balanced ecology.

In reality, androgenetic alopecia might depend on more or fewer than four genes, each of which might contribute variably to predisposition.

In the germline DNA, the V genes encoding the antigen combining sites need to combine with the C genes.

The transposon used contains splice acceptors in both orientations to disrupt the expression of genes in which it lands.

They thus provide a useful adjunct to cDNA libraries in giving access to a large number of genes independent of developmental stage.

The pattern of familial aggregation suggests that in individual families, a small number of genes act together to cause the phenotype.

For example, genes from the bacterium bacillus thuringiensis produce a toxin that kills certain insects.

All of our horses are selected from proven genes using only the very best bloodlines.

We have already isolated many genes that are expressed more in PD brains than in controls.

We're too brainy for our genes to maintain control, except by fluke.

In the case of the color genes of interest to budgerigar breeders, the effects of most single color influencing genes is dramatic.

Our early work established mutations in genes encoding members of the visual transduction cascade as important in these diseases.

We are now using expression profiling in wildtype and Gli3 mutant mice to identify novel Wnt target genes in the developing cerebral cortex.

Apparently genes do not stand at the undisputed head of a causal chain.

Each operon has some genes which encode cytoplasmic rather than membrane spanning chemoreceptors.

Insulators are DNA elements that defend genes from surrounding chromatin by setting the boundaries of independent chromatin domains.

Fruit flies also have large polytene chromosomes, whose barcode patterns of light and dark bands allow genes to be mapped accurately.

Genes isolated from the area using cDNA clones might be incomplete.

The spread of genes linked to this promoter by ordinary cross-pollination or by horizontal gene transfer will have enormous impacts on health and biodiversity.

The genome sequence is available for this bacterial strain, revealing genes that encode 39 c -type cytochromes.

To provide for efficient delivery of the cytokine, adenovirus vectors have been proposed to deliver the cytokine genes to the chicken.

In thalassaemia there is an inherited defect in one of these genes.

Nitrogen fixation genes can also be added, thus reducing need for artificial fertilizers.

Each child of such parents has a 25 percent chance of inheriting both genes and showing signs of the disease, and a 50 percent chance of inheriting one defective gene from only one parent.

Although genes may be a factor in a child's social competence and level of peer acceptance, environmental factors are also extremely important.

As genes are identified that result in the disorders, genetic testing is being developed to identify carriers, who then can manage their reproduction to avoid the possibility of children being born with these deficiencies.

Autosomal recessive mutation-A pattern of genetic inheritance where two abnormal genes are needed to display the trait or disease.

Some candidate genes for TS have also been tested and excluded.

Genes such as tumor suppressor genes tightly regulate this growth cycle.

If both RB1 genes in a retinal cell become non-functional, then a retinal cell can become cancerous and retinoblastoma can result.

In other cases, one parent has two normal RB1 genes in every somatic cell, but some egg or sperm cells contain a changed or missing RB1 gene.

Retinoblastoma can also result when both RB1 genes become spontaneously changed or deleted in a retinal cell but the RB1 genes are normal in all the other cells of the body.

This testing can usually identify the gene changes/deletions in the RB1 genes that caused the tumor to develop.

If the changes in both RB1 genes are detected in the tumor cell, then these same changes can be looked for in the blood cells.

A child may inherit thalassemia trait when only one parent has the genes responsible for it.

Thalassemia major (homozygous thalassemia or Cooley's anemia) occurs in children in whom both parents pass on the genes responsible.

Hemoglobin H disease is another form of thalassemia in which three of the four beta-globin genes are missing.

These findings suggest the potential role of one or more genes being responsible for clubfoot.

Alkylating drugs-kill cancer cells by directly attacking DNA, the genetic material of the genes.

Two spots (called loci) on these genes control alpha globin production.

Alpha thalassemias result from changes (mutations) in these genes.

Individuals with alpha thalassemia major have inherited two completely defective genes, one from each parent.

Individuals of Greek, Middle Eastern, and North African descent also carry genes for the disease more frequently than individuals of Northern European descent.

Since there are four genes (instead of the usual two) to consider when looking at alpha globin gene inheritance, there are several alpha globin types that are possible.

Alpha thalassemia trait occurs when two alpha globin genes are missing or not functioning.

This syndrome can be caused by a deletion of a significant amount of chromosome 16, affecting the alpha globin genes.

Alpha thalassemia major results from the deletion of all four alpha globin genes, such that there are no functioning alpha globin genes.

Because alpha globin is a necessary component of hemoglobin, absence of all functioning alpha globin genes leads to serious medical consequences that begin even before birth.

If parents are thinking of having a child and believe they might be carriers of defective hemoglobin genes, they can be screened and receive genetic counseling so that they can assess their options.

Evidence suggests that OI results from abnormalities in the collagen gene COL1A1 or COL1A2 and possibly abnormalities in other genes.

The heme groups are molecular chains of different types and actually create six different hemoglobins that vary in their amino acid composition and also in the genes that control them.

Genetic-Refers to genes, the basic units of biological heredity, which are contained on the chromosomes.

Hyper-IgM syndrome is caused by mutations in a gene or genes in the body's T cells, which are a type of white blood cell or lymphocyte.

The primary cause of osteoporosis may be inadequate levels of estrogen circulating in the body; however, defects in bone structure or strength may also be related to the loss of unknown X-chromosome genes.

This specific learning problem is referred to as Turner neurocognitive phenotype and appears to be due to loss of X chromosome genes important for selected aspects of nervous system development.

Several of the muscular dystrophies, including DMD, BMD, CMD, and most forms of LGMD, are due to defects in the genes for a complex of muscle proteins.

It is possible that this mutation affects nearby genes as well, and that the widespread symptoms of myotonic dystrophy are due to a range of genetic disruptions.

The muscular dystrophies are genetic diseases, meaning they are caused by defects in genes.

Genes, which are linked together on chromosomes, have two functions.

Parents pass along genes to their children, providing them with a complete set of instructions for making their own proteins.

Because of chromosomal differences between the sexes, some genes are not present in two copies.

While the X chromosome carries many genes, the Y chromosome carries almost none.

While there are at least six genes that cause the various types of LGMD, two major clinical forms of LGMD are usually recognized.

Prediction is made more difficult because, as new genes are discovered, it becomes clear that several of the dystrophies are not uniform disorders but rather symptom groups caused by different genes.

As of 2004 there was no way to prevent any of the muscular dystrophies in a person who has the genes responsible for these disorders.

Gene therapy involves sophisticated methods of transferring new genes to hemophiliacs, correcting deficiencies or defects in the clotting mechanism.

There are no genes that specify personality traits, but some genes do control the development of the nervous system, which in turn controls behavior.

When one parent has the abnormal gene and the other parent has normal genes, craniosynostosis can still result.

Parents who have an increased likelihood of carrying the genes that result in craniosynostosis may seek genetic counseling to better understand inheritance patterns and chances for reoccurrence.

As of 2004 the genes causing isolated PDA have not been identified, but it is known that PDA can be inherited through a family in an autosomal dominant pattern or an autosomal recessive pattern.

Every person has approximately 30,000 genes, which tell the body how to grow and develop correctly.

Although persons with XLA carry the genes to produce immunoglobulins, a genetic defect on the X chromosome prevents their formation.

This is why diseases associated with X linked genes are usually much more common in boys than in girls.

A child who receives two genes (one from each parent) will express the symptoms of the disease.

A 2003 study found that schizophrenia and bipolar disorder could have similar genetic causes that arise from certain problems with genes associated with myelin development in the central nervous system.

Congenital brain defects may be caused by inherited genetic defects, spontaneous mutations within the genes of the embryo, or effects on the embryo due to the mother's infection, trauma, or drug use.

However, some types of gene changes only cause VWD if both genes are changed, which often leads to more severe symptoms.

Some cases of type 2 VWD and all cases of type 3 VWD are autosomal recessive, since they are caused only by changes in both vWF genes.

Also refers to a retrovirus that had been modified and is used to introduce specific genes into the genome of an organism.

Previous studies have pointed out linkages of other potential dyslexia genes to chromosome 1, chromosome 15 (DYX1 gene), and to chromosome 6 (DYX2 gene).

A particular area of genes that should control the production and function of a protein called ubiquitin is either absent or ineffective.

A minority of cases of Angelman's syndrome are due to new mutations in this same area of genes.

It results from a child inheriting defective genes from both parents (autosomal recessive pattern of inheritance).

Other studies have shown that fetuses with certain predisposing genes may be at increased risk for cleft palate if their mothers smoke.

Genes, the basic components of hereditary material, contain the "blueprint" that directs the development and functioning of every cell and tissue in the human body.

Genes are situated on larger structures called chromosomes that contain several thousand genes each.

Most of the time, genes function normally.

Molecular diagnostic techniques have identified many genes that cause susceptibility to Hirschsprung's disease.

Mutations in these genes do not cause the disease, but they make the chance of developing it more likely.

Mutations in other genes or environmental factors are required to develop the disease, and these other factors are not understood.

In addition, genetics may play a role in appendicitis; some children may inherit genes that make them more susceptible to blockage of the appendiceal lumen.

The cause of most cases of Parkinson's disease is unknown, although genes have been found for some familial forms.

Further evidence for a congenital link to shyness is found in studies that show that identical twins (who have identical genes) are more likely to be shy than fraternal twins (who are no more alike than other siblings).

Molecular techniques as of the early 2000s allow a positive distinction to be made between children who are and are not carrying the defective genes that cause MEN.

This gene is located in an area of the chromosome that contains many other important genes whose products control immune function.

The deletion means that several genes from chromosome 22 are missing in children with DiGeorge syndrome.

The loss of the genes in the deleted material means that the baby's third and fourth pharyngeal pouches fail to develop normally during the twelfth week of pregnancy.

How the genes are paired determines the person's blood type.

A person who inherits an A antigen gene from each parent has type A blood; receiving two B antigen genes corresponds with type B blood; and inheriting A and B antigen genes means a person has type AB blood.

This mutation prevents certain genes on chromosome 15 from working properly.

Chromosomes contain genes that regulate the function and development of the body.

The team monitored the exchange of genes in three small, remnant groups of ash in the heavily deforested Carrifran valley near Moffat.

Here is some fragment output from a query designed to find complete coding regions for genes encoding xanthine dehydrogenase.

Evidence for the Heterolobosea from phylogenetic analysis of genes encoding glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.

This quarter share of their genes can only be propagated if they are not demented from brain injury or degeneracy.

Genetic sociology thus has the potential of legitimizing the North-South divide as natural and foreordained by genes.

As a consequence of co-evolution with their hosts, viruses have acquired host genes and genetic mutations that confer dominance over normal cell function.

Genes from desert plants can be used to produce crops that withstand drought.

As many as 50% of our own genes have arisen in evolution as a result of gene duplication.

This study provides support for using diversifying selection as a criterion for identifying candidate effector genes from sequence databases.

For example, research into the way genes control limb development in the fertilized chicken egg provides insight into how human limbs develop.

We unexpectedly demonstrate that all these genes play key roles in regulating Pol II transcriptional elongation and termination [44, 45] .

In other words, memetic evolution can now proceed without regard to its effects on the genes.

More specifically, these are genes where the matching cDNAs match some bases of every predicted exon.

A second pipeline is under development to catch failures, targeting internal exons of Vega genes.

Typically a mutation in one of these genes causes exon skipping with the deletion of exon 6 from the corresponding mRNA.

This indicates a common ancestry, although no TTSS sequence homologues for the genes encoding the flagellum are found.

Fluke genes that have the same effect on the snail will not be favored in the fluke genes that have the same effect on the snail will not be favored in the fluke gene pool.

Should we eat foodstuffs which had been genetically manipulated using human genes?

Main research interests are the molecular typing of bacteria and characterisation of antibiotic resistance genes.

But the Y has no sexual ' partner ' with which to swap out defective genes.

So a group of biologists in Cambridge wanted to figure out what imprinted genes there were.

This material will provide a powerful resource for large studies designed to identify susceptibility genes in MND.

Wednesday morning saw two sessions devoted to plant disease resistance genes, followed by social activities in the afternoon.

In conclusion, extensive use of kanamycin resistance marker genes in genetically modified crops is unjustifiable in the face of current medical applications.

The human mitochondrial genome is a small circular DNA molecule 16 568 bp in length containing 37 genes.

The project will perform comparative genomics to identify genes or groups of genes that differ between two specific strains.

Early in development of the fetal germ cells in both sexes, the germ-cell genomes are erased of methylation marks on the imprinted genes.

The genes coding for the alpha globins are on chromosome 11; those coding for the beta globins are on chromosome 16.

By manipulating the genes that control cyanogenic glucosides, the grain was made resistant to powdery mildew.

Such an assumption belies a shaky grasp of what genes actually do.

Then twentieth-century biologists explained heredity and adaptation as a result of genes and mutations.

Chromatin containing acetylated histones is open and accessible to transcription factors, and the genes are potentially active.

Aeromonas salmonicida possesses two genes encoding homologues of the major outer membrane protein, OmpA.

Conversely, many human genes have a clear homologue in Drosophila.

Ms Collins has cloned eucalyptus homologues of genes that control flower induction in Arabidopsis.

If human homologues of the genes that we find in the worm play a similar role in signaling, they are candidate cancer genes.

The genes for hK2 and PSA are expressed predominately in the prostate, are transcriptionally up-regulated by androgens, and share 78% homology.

Projector thus uses sequence homology directly at DNA level and takes the conservation of gene structures between related genes explicitly into account.

Genes regulated by hypoxia are being studied in a range of endothelial and other cell types.

Dawkins argued that individuals come and go, but genes are potentially immortal.

Differential methylation of DNA sequences associated with imprinted genes is thought to control genomic imprinting, which occurs soon after fertilization.

This phenomenon, known as parental imprinting, indicates that the alternative parental alleles of some genes are not equivalent.

Genetically modified ingredients are those which have had their genes modified to give them additional or improved characteristics.

In this way, genes can be transferred between distant species which would never interbreed in nature.

The two species hybridize and hybrids are fertile, causing genetic introgression of Ruddy Duck genes in the wild population of White-headed Ducks.

Most PEPc kinase genes contain a single conserved intron but solanaceous plants have one unusual PEPc kinase gene with a second intron.

We have recently identified a number of putative regulatory genes, including cyclin-dependent kinases of Toxoplasma.

This is the sense in which we humans are the robots of our genes, and are held on a very long leash.

Determining the evolutionary changes in MCPH genes through the primate lineages to lower mammals.

Despite the identification of hundreds of genes involved in C. elegans locomotion, we do not yet have an understanding of its control.

A bacterial endophyte of yellow lupine was modified with genes for degrading an organic pollutant along with genes for antibiotic and nickel resistance.

On your chromosomes are specific sections called genes, which code for proteins and enzymes and so on - the cellular machinery.

Their genes occupy as much as a third of the genome, and they also constitute the majority of known drug targets.

The researchers are also looking at about 30 other rodent malaria genes that also seem to be particularly important during infection.

A further strong clue that genes are not the key comes from studies of children who have been removed from severely maltreating parents.

Most veterinary medicine is human medicine used for treating animals (with which humans share 99% of their genes ).

Showing that fair meiosis serves the common interest of a genome's genes.

For all studied cancers we found genes specifically methylated in malignant cells.

Finally, although poxviruses and the transforming RSV both induce migration and projection formation, poxviruses do not contain src -like genes.

The very cellular mechanisms that enable the foreign genes to insert into the genome can also mobilize them to jump out again.

Furthermore, the only abnormal genes were found in abnormal lung and kidney tissue, arguing against genetic mosaicism.

His research was initially on highly mutable genes in plants, an interest he pursued throughout most of his research career.

We are using molecular genetic approaches, in particular random mutagenesis, to analyze fungal genes involved in the disease process.

Pigs are now being genetically mutated using human genes in an attempt to try to weaken this reaction.

There was no indication that any of the protein kinase genes was frequently mutated in this set of breast cancer samples.

More recently, I have been involved in the detailed determination of gene function through induced mutation of the genes encoding renin.

These genes are often screened for somatic mutations only in the region most likely to contain mutations.

In addition to the one myosin II gene, Dictyostelium expresses two myosin XI genes and at least six myosin I genes.

Many diseases, including myositis, are likely to develop as a result of the combination of genes and environmental exposures.

Meanwhile, tests for genes that point to other muscle diseases help doctors avoid wrongly diagnosing myositis, " he said.

The obvious examples are genes to block the transmission of viruses and malaria parasites, as well as filarial nematodes.

In the process, they are shifting the emphasis from genes and fitness to emergent order as a primary source of evolutionary novelty.

Replicate high-density rat genome oligonucleotide microarrays reveal hundreds of regulated genes in the dorsal root ganglion after peripheral nerve injury.

We are collaborating on an exhaustive molecular characterisation of cancer cell lines to identify novel oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes in ovarian cancer.

Gene therapy Scientists are studying oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes.

However, the inserted transposon efficiently creates mutations in genes such as recessive oncogenes associated with cancer.

These included increased expression of several oncogenes, as well as decreased expression of several tumor suppressor genes and genes that regulate airway inflammation.

Mr Munson had agreed to undergo the ordeal to raise funds for the Jeans for Genes appeal.

Another use of reporter genes is to look at the localisation of proteins within different cell types or subcellular organelles.

Nucleus a cell organelle which contains the chromosomes whose genes control the structure of proteins within the cell.

The aim of this project is to characterize one or more of these genes and establish its role in kidney organogenesis.

A combination of linkage in highly penetrant families and candidate analysis in association studies is used to identify novel predisposition genes.

Bacteria phage were found to transfer genes between Erwinia species [4] .

These are part of the physical " readout " of the genes, the extended phenotype of the replicating code.

Will they find the tartan plaid In my genes?

Many of the novel predicted genes are associated with surface polysaccharide, flagellar biosynthesis and modification in addition to hypothetical genes.

Mutations in DNA repair genes are strong candidates for at least a proportion of these unknown breast cancer predisposition alleles.

We are both scientists who, in a slightly premature mid-life crisis, felt there must be more to life than genes.

The family of genes that encode the olfactory receptors responsible for detecting smell provide an extreme example.

Many of the other genes are simple recessives that have easy-to-understand effects.

The achaete-scute genes encode transcriptional regulators bearing a bHLH motif whose expression endows cells with neural potential.

These genes include the translational repressors, pumilio, nanos and brain tumor.

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Researchers transplanted retinal cells into adult mice lacking the genes for two proteins important in glial scar formation.

Bt genes have been engineered into a wide range of species, including poplar, European larch, white spruce and walnut.

Tracking down the gene The researchers aim to find the faulty gene, or genes, that cause pyloric stenosis.

Other yet undiscovered genes outside the prion protein gene locus might also confer susceptibility.

This should not meet tests of patentability, yet patents have been awarded for tests for breast cancer susceptibility genes among others.

In part 3, they examine genome-wide searches for type 1 diabetes susceptibility genes.

The Rhizobium group is studying the bacterial and legume genes involved in establishing and maintaining the symbiosis.

However, both the human and mouse telomerase RNA genes are within CpG islands and may therefore be under the regulation of DNA methylation.

Knowing the sequence of specific genes will allow us to tap into the natural genetic variation of almost any crop species.

They used genetic information from the Human Genome Sequencing Project to find around 14 genes in Bordetella pertussis which causes whooping cough.

Both viruses contain genes encoding proteins related to the basic leucine zipper (bZIP) family of transcription factors.

Some chunks of your DNA do nothing useful (that we know of yet), but other chunks we call genes.

However, I fully expect we will learn things about the opposite—what we may do, thanks to our genes.

He couldn't splice genes.

These studies will be helpful in identifying putative store-operated calcium channel genes.

We set out to determine the spatial expression pattern of several thousand genes encoding putative regulatory proteins.

Thus such genes have been called quantitative trait loci or QTL.

In none of the above publications was the potential danger of the horizontal spread and recombination of the virus genes discussed.

The released SREBP can then translocate to the cell nucleus to regulate transcription of genes for enzymes involved, e.g., in cholesterol synthesis.

Genes of interest were introduced into mouse embryos alongside a " reporter gene " that produces a fluorescent substance wherever the gene is active.

Annex 3 Glucose signaling The phosphoprotein Ure2p is a central repressor of genes involved in nitrogen metabolism.

With regard to the molecular background, no mutation of the p53 or retinoblastoma susceptibility (Rb) genes has been demonstrated.

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Ripen forces the production of flowers or the ripening of fruit, in a last effort to spread its genes.

In all there are 1000 olfactory genes scattered throughout the genome, evidence of the importance of smell to most mammals.

Others rely on genes that are known to scramble genomes.

Genes are segments of DNA that regulate biological activity.

These phenotypic variations have been shown to relate to the specific mutation generated, to environmental influences and to independently segregating modifier genes.

We will also report data that suggest up to nine new ATR genes segregate in the mapping cross.

Future directions Several challenges now face those researching spermatogenesis genes on the Y chromosome.

Without engineers building the bombs, programming the missiles, splicing the genes into the smallpox virus, this stuff would n't exist.

More than half of human genes have alternative splice forms.

I have not heard of such splicing of genes as you describe, at least not in the pome fruits.

Naked as human fear, with a rod for splitting atoms and a riddle for sifting genes, the mutant appears.

A genome-wide scan for human obesity genes reveals a major susceptibility locus on chromosome 10.

A sibling pair study to identify Barrett 's esophagus susceptibility genes.

The various tabby genes are covered in more detail below.

Everyone else has unfortunately not inherited the telegenic genes from their parents.

Terminator genes Most of the world's farmers save seed from their crop to sow in the following year.

In this particular exercise we want to find all genes involved in the widest sense in the threonine metabolism.

This provided the first rationale for the unique absence of specific malonyl transferase genes in Type II clusters.

The function of genes located by transposon mutagenesis and sequencing was tested after sub-cloning of open reading frames into broad host range shuttle vectors.

The trypanosome life cycle in the fly is regulated by symbiotic bacteria in its gut into which it is possible to insert foreign genes.

This relative uncoupling of genes and memes may mean that more than ever before memes will spread that are detrimental to their carriers.

What genes underlie susceptibility in the UK and worldwide?

One of the most useful strategies in the search for genes underlying complex diseases such as diabetes is to look at candidate genes.

The genotype of an organism is the specific and characteristic combination of variants of all genes the organism carries.

Very little is thus known about whether weedy relatives have benefited from the acquisition of crop genes.

Due to the process of natural selection, prey that blend in to their environments are more likely to survive and pass on those genes that allowed survival.

Since fraternal twins only share about 50% of their genes, they can look drastically different in appearance.

Cats have genes, just like we do and there is a gene for color.

A lot depends upon the genes from the parents, and wide variations in color can even occur in the same litter of kittens.

After clicking on the link you can see the stated purpose which reads, "The purpose of this study is to identify genes that may affect a person's chances of developing bipolar (BP) disorder and related conditions."

With acting in her genes, she was destined to be a film star, and has appeared in many unforgettable film roles.

This proves that acting ability isn't limited by or dependent on appearance, background, or genes.

This is produced by two recessive genes, meaning it is inherited.

The color yellow is produced when a recessive epistatic gene blocks the appearance of the black or chocolate genes.

Modified meat, which can be treated with genes from both animals and plants, can have currently unforeseen health risks.

Most often, the genetic modification in question is the incorporation of genes from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis, or Bt for short.

By adding the genes responsible for this ability to corn crops, biotechnologists were able to produce corn that had this same ability to kill off invading pest species.

Improved Animal Health - By modifying the DNA of certain species for food production, it is possible to alter the genes in such a way as to prevent common diseases.

Doctors do believe that genes may be behind narcolepsy to some level.

Genes inherited from parents may lead to individuals being more prone to narcolepsy.

Fortunately, Pinotage wines lean more towards its biological Pinot Noir heritage rather than its Cinsault genes and make for good medium-bodied wines that match with food very well.

Cancer results from alterations (mutations) in genes that make up DNA, the master molecule of the cell.

Genes make proteins, which are the ultimate workhorses of the cells, responsible for the many processes that permit humans to breathe, think, and move, among other functions.

Eye cancer (retinoblastoma), a type of colon cancer, and early-onset breast cancer have been shown to be linked to the inheritance of specific genes.

There is no known way to prevent NF cases that occur as a result of spontaneous change in the genes (mutation).

Genes contain the instructions for how the body grows and develops before and after a person is born.

There are probably at least 15 different genes that can cause CMT.

There are at least five different genes that can cause CMT type 2.

As of early 2001, scientists have narrowed in on the location of most of the CMT2-causing genes.

However, the specific genes and the mutations have not yet been found as of 2004 for most types.

It is known as of 2004 that this is not a separate type of CMT; in fact, people who have onset in infancy or early childhood often have mutations in the PMP22 or MPZ genes.

There are three different genes that have been associated with CMT4 as of early 2001.

More research is required to understand how mutations in these genes cause CMT.

Children with CMT have an increased risk for passing on the genes that cause the condition when they start a family of their own.

If they have a mutation in one copy of their Cx32 genes, they will only have mild to moderate symptoms of CMT that may go unnoticed.

In order for individuals to have CMT4, they must have a mutation in both of their CMT-causing genes, one inherited from each parent.

Each individual has two sets of genes, one inherited from each parent.

In some genetic diseases, a person needs to have two copies of a defective gene in order to show symptoms of the disease; if only one of the two genes is defective, the person is considered a carrier.

During the early 2000s, researchers identified two genes known as CDKN2A and CDK4 that govern susceptibility to melanoma in humans.

Other susceptibility genes are being sought.

Most experts, however, think that these susceptibility genes are not sufficient by themselves to account for moles becoming cancerous but are influenced by a combination of other inherited traits and environmental factors.

The many roles of collagen are reflected in the number of genes dedicated to its production.

There are at least 28 genes in humans that encode at least 19 different types of collagen.

Mutations in these genes can affect basic construction as well as the fine-tuned processing of the collagen.

There are numerous types of EDS, all caused by changes in one of several genes.

Chromosomes are made up of hundreds of small units known as genes, which contain the genetic material necessary for an individual to develop and function.

Changes or mutations in genes can cause genetic diseases in several different ways, many of which are represented within the spectrum of EDS.

Although there is much information regarding the changes in genes that cause EDS and their various inheritance patterns, the exact gene mutation for all types of EDS is not known.

Sickle cell trait-Condition that occurs in people who have one of two possible genes responsible for the abnormal hemoglobin of sickle cell anemia.

A dominant disorder means that it only takes one abnormal gene in a pair of genes to have the disorder.

As of 2004, it was possible to test a child's genes for the deletion that causes WS.

Mental retardation may be caused by an inherited abnormality of the genes, such as fragile X syndrome.

He or she starts with the detailed history of the family's background, looks at the child's features and orders blood tests to look at the 46 chromosomes and possibly at specific genes on those chromosomes.

Cystic fibrosis is a genetic disease, meaning it is caused by a defect in the person's genes.

Genes, found in the nucleus of all the body's cells, control cell function by serving as the blueprint for the production of proteins.

Much as sentences are composed of long strings of words, each made of letters; genes can be thought of as long strings of chemical words, each made of chemical letters, called nucleotides.

Just as a sentence can be changed by rearranging its letters, genes can be mutated, or changed, by changes in the sequence of their nucleotide letters.

They have a two-in-four chance of having a child who is a carrier, and a one-in-four chance of having a child with two normal CFTR genes.

Genes from a small blood or tissue sample are analyzed for specific mutations; presence of two copies of the mutated gene confirms the diagnosis of CF in all but a very few cases.

Because the task of making melanin is complex, there are many different types of albinism, involving a number of different genes.

An estimated 1 percent (2.5 million) of the general population carries one of the defective A-T genes.

All people have genes that contain a few mistakes or variations that do not result in a disorder.

As of 2004, the A-T diagnosis is usually based on the characteristic clinical findings and supported by laboratory tests that point to a defect of DNA (genes and chromosomes) and to an inability to repair some types of damage to DNA.

These chromosomal abnormalities often occur close to genes that control the function of white blood cells, such as immunoglobulins and T-lymphocytes.

All genes come in pairs, and one copy of each pair is inherited from each parent.

If both parents carry the same autosomal recessive gene, there is a one in four chance with each pregnancy that the child will inherit both recessive genes and develop FMF.

Researchers believe DiGeorge sequence most often is caused by mutations in genes in the region 22q11.

However, only a few genes have been discovered that have been linked to the presence of heart defects.

There is also debate on whether the determination is shaped by hormones, particularly testosterone and estrogen, or by genes assigned at conception.

Although it is uncertain why the hair follicles undergo these changes, it is thought that a combination of genes may predispose some children and adults to the disease.

Cytogenic and molecular genetic studies, which assess the structure and composition of chromosomes and genes, may also be used to diagnose osteosarcoma.

An individual with an autosomal recessive disorder inherits one non-working genes from each parent.

The specific genes and environmental influences that contribute to the many-factored causes of spina bifida were not as of 2004 completely known.

Changes (mutations) in genes involving the metabolism of folic acid are believed to be significant genetic risk factors.

Tuberous sclerosis occurs when at least one of two genes (either TSC-1 on chromosome 9 or TSC-2 on chromosome 16) is defective.

Normally, the two genes produce proteins called hamartin and tuberin, respectively.

When the TS genes are defective or absent, the proteins are either absent or deficient, which allows tumor growth.

Genes are located on chromosomes and serve to direct specific developments and processes within the body.

Because Tay-Sachs is a recessive disorder, only people who receive two defective genes (one from the mother and one from the father) will actually have the disease.