Fossil Sentence Examples

Fossil fuels are, without a doubt, scarce.

In the first two volumes fossil birds, occasionally based upon a fragmentary bone only, are also included.

Fossil remains of members of this family have also been found in Europe in strata of the Oligocene period.

Many other fossil resins more or less allied to amber have been described.

The fossil egg of a struthious bird, Struthiolithus, has been found near Cherson, south Russia, and in north China.

The mineral had, however, been earlier known as a blue powdery substance, called "blue ironearth," met with in peat-bogs, in bog iron-ore, or with fossil bones and shells.

A recently discovered fossil group, the Pteridospermae have characters intermediate between the Ptendophyta and the more primitive seedplants.

Thus he reached the New Siberian or Liakhov Islands, and for years afterwards the seekers for fossil ivory resorted to them.

Among the public buildings are the town hall, classic in style; the market house, and literary and scientific institution, with a museum containing a fossil collection from the limestone of the locality.

Dr Leche also institutes a comparison between the skeletons of the wild and the tame Bactrian camel with the remains of certain fossil Asiatic camels, namely, Camelus knoblochi from Sarepta, Russia, and C. alutensis from the Aluta valley, Rumania.

Coprolites have been found at Lyme Regis, enclosed by the ribs of ichthyosauri, and in the remains of several species of fish; also in the abdominal cavities of a species of fossil fish, Macropoma Mantelli, from the chalk of Lewes.

Dr Burmeister was afterwards placed in charge of the provincial museum of Buenos Aires, and devoted himself to the acquisition of a collection of fossil remains, now in the La Plata museum, which ranks among the best of the world.

Granting this is a general truth, it must yet be acknowledged as a special fact, that in fossil birds we have as yet but scanty means of arriving at any precise results which will justify bold generalization in the matter of avine distribution.

A remarkable fossil from the Scottish Coal-measures (Lithomantis) had apparently small wing-like structures on the prothorax, and in allied genera small veined outgrowths - like tracheal gills - occurred on the abdominal segments.

Flora.-The pastoral wealth of Uruguay, as of the neighbouring Argentine Republic, is due to the fertilizing constitutents of "pampa mud," geologically associated with gigantic antediluvian animals, whose fossil remains are abundant.

Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are nonrenewable.

You can also check at stores that carry Fossil products and Fossil outlet shops to find this style of watch.

Even if you can't locate it at the shop, you might find another Fossil design that you like just as much.

The Fossil website has a great store locator tool to help you find a Fossil shop near you.

Simply plug in your zip code and a distance in miles in which to search, and the site will return all the Fossil stores nearby.

With contemporary Fossil styling and reliability, it's just may become your favorite.

Often, the watches are made by Fossil Watches and are sometimes limited edition and numbered.

Fossil Philippe Starck does offer a digital ring watch, but it can be hard to find.

This digital ring watch has a very unique look as is typical of any watch by Fossil.

Fossil is one of the official watch manufacturers for Batman licensed products.

In 1994 and 1995, Fossil released a Batman three-watch series.

The Fossil Betty Boop pocket watch is a limited edition watch that will appeal to collectors as well as Betty Boop fans the world over.

One of the most collectible pocket watches featuring Betty Boop is the Fossil Betty Boop pocket watch.

Only ten thousand Betty Boop Pocket watches were manufactured by Fossil.

Fossil produced a range of watches that were not just about telling the time, but were also an attractive accessory.

Today, Fossil is known as a leader in its field, producing over three hundred different types and styles of watch.

Fossil took inspiration for some of the watch designs from the popular fifties Americana.

The Betty Boop Fossil pocket watch was launched in 1996.

Fans of Betty Boop will notice that the cartoon featured on the Fossil pocket watch is wearing a garter.

Fossil Men's Automatic Black Leather Skeleton Watch - the highly stylized range of watches from Fossil Watches includes skeleton watches.

Are you searching for a new Fossil watch band?

Or perhaps you simply want to add a new watch band to your favorite Fossil watch for a different look.

Find out about Fossil watch band designs and where to find replacement watch bands.

Fossil, Inc. is an American watch manufacturer that was founded in 1984.

Fossil creates casual and dressy watches that reflect classic American fashions with modern trends to create a unique modern vintage style.

Fossil is known for offering a quality American-made fashionable but functional watch at reasonable prices.

Fossil watch lines are Fossil, Relic, Mobilewear, MW, MW Michele and Zodiac.

Watch bands for Fossil watch models are generally made out of leather, metal or synthetic.

Many classic style Fossil watches feature a leather strap band.

Fossil watches provides an 11-year warranty with each watch purchase that allows for the replacement of all watch components for a rate of $27.

You can still get a great deal of wear out of most of the well-made Fossil bands.

You may also consider replacing the watch band with a different Fossil band or one from another manufacturer.

When you decide to replace your Fossil watch strap, you have an opportunity to restore your watch to its original condition or create an entirely new watch look.

Fossil is a popular brand and you may be able to find a replacement band for less online than in stores.

Get an idea of what type of new look you want to create for the Fossil watch.

You can find Fossil replacement watch bands in many local stores across the country and online.

Relic watch by Fossil is one of Fossil's most popular brands.

Fossil is known for their unique modern vintage watch designs and the Relic brand continues this tradition.

Relic watches feature the unique designs of Fossil watches for an affordable price.

When Fossil, Inc. was founded in 1984 by Tom Kartsotis, it introduced watches that blended 1950's Americana art with current fashion trends to create a fashion statement for all occasions.

The first Fossil watches were collectibles and fashion jewelry at a reasonable price for fine jewelry.

However, as Fossil grew to include many casual and dressy watches, the company saw a need for a more affordable watch line.

The Relic brand emerged in 1990 as a more affordable alternative to Fossil and followed the same fashion theme of modern vintage.

Many people do not even realize that Fossil owns Relic because the Relic name appears on the watch face.

Relic may be inspired by Fossil design but the brand achieves its own look and fashion statement.

The Relic watch by Fossil follows the same quality standards of its parent, Fossil.

There are many Fossil discontinued watches available.

Fossil Watches are known the world over for their wide range of watches and are popular with both men and ladies.

One of their most defining ranges is the Fossil Limited Edition range.

For instance, there are many Fossil Limited Edition character watches and these are highly prized, both by collectors of Fossil watches, as well as collectors of memorabilia.

The fast moving nature of the Fossil Watch range means that discontinued watches are readily available.

While there are some models which are extremely sought after and difficult to get hold of, many other discontinued watches can be bought from Fossil outlet centers as well as from a wide number of websites.

Discontinued Fossil watches are often offered for sale as 'new old stock' or NOS.

This is stock that has never been sold and is still in its original packaging, yet is no longer part of the current Fossil range.

This can be a great way to buy a discontinued Fossil watch, however buyers should check the warranty conditions.

Fossil outlet centers are a good place to find end of line and soon to be discontinued Fossil watches.

There are a number of benefits of buying discontinued Fossil watches from these outlet centers.

One of the main ones being that they are part of the Fossil company and the watch provenance is known.

One popular source of Fossil discontinued watches is online auction websites such as eBay.

In addition to the watch itself, many Fossil watches have collectible accessories such as presentation tins and Fossil watch bands.

Discontinued Fossil watches can be a great buy.

The Fossil watch repair warranty ensures that Fossil watches can be reliably repaired in the case of something going wrong.

Fossil watches are a popular brand and are known the world over.

Knowing how to approach the different problems that you might experience with your watch will help to ensure that your Fossil watch gives many years of reliable service.

Fossil watches come with an 11 year manufacturer's warranty.

This means that as long as you look after a Fossil watch properly, Fossil will repair or replace the watch during the first 11 years should anything go wrong.

It is also important to note that the warranty does not cover repairs if the watch was not purchased from an authorized Fossil retailer.

If a Fossil watch strap requires enlarging, then extra links can be purchased from Fossil.

Replacement watch bands can be purchased through Fossil and replaced at home, however many people prefer to use a jeweler specializing in watch repair.

The replacement of a watch battery can be an easy and straightforward task on a Fossil watch, however this does depend on the model.

Before deciding whether you want to undertake this Fossil watch repair yourself, it is best to consult the manual for more information which is specific to the model of your watch.

While Fossil watches should be regularly checked for damage and given a surface clean, it is important not to undertake any repairs that may make the warranty invalid.

Full information about the Fossil warranty and watch repair requirements can be found on the Fossil website.

The 11 year manufacturer's warranty that is provided on all Fossil watches should give Fossil watch owners peace of mind.

Make sure you read the warranty and the watch manual carefully and this should ensure that your Fossil watch gives you many years of reliable service.

Modern versions have been made by companies such as Fossil and Colibri.

Even if your tween doesn't want to wear a watch, he may sit up and take notice if you mention a label such as Fossil or Marc Jacobs.

Discounted Fossil watches can save you hard-earned bucks, so it only makes sense to get the best deal possible.

However, keep in mind that Fossil is one of the more popular watch brands and as such there will be many fakes on the market.

A fake Fossil at a huge discount is really no bargain at all.

The first rule of thumb when hunting for a Fossil watch or any other designer watch brand is that if the price seems too good to be true, then you are probably dealing with a fake or stolen watch.

Even if the watch turns out to be real, remember that a watch that is not purchased through an authorized Fossil retailer will not be warrantied.

Luckily, the Fossil website offers a store locator tool to help you find authorized Fossil stores in your area.

Fossil releases new watches about five times a year.

While you may not find a new Fossil watch at a deep discount, you can save around 25 percent during seasonal sales at authorized jewelers.

The Fossil website also offers a sale area.

If purchasing from an antique store or pawn shop, ask about the person's experience with Fossil watches.

If you simply must have this season's newest Fossil watch, then you can still get discounted Fossil watches with a little determination and creativity.

In addition to putting a little extra money in your purse, you can also feel good about helping to lessen the impact of fossil fuels on the planet.

As gas prices continue to climb and public concern with the effects of fossil fuels grows, automotive manufacturers increasingly look for alternatives to gasoline and diesel.

The great interest in connexion with a dwarf West African race of elephant is in relation to the fossil pigmy elephants of the limestone fissures and caves of Malta and Cyprus.

Still, the close relationship of the existing Liberian pigmy hippopotamus to the fossil Mediterranean species is significant, in relation to the foregoing observations on the elephant.

It may be added that fossil remains of the African elephant have been obtained from Spain, Sicily, Algeria and Egypt, in strata of the Pleistocene age.

All are built in the Doric style, of the local porous stone, which is of a warm red brown colour, full of fossil shells and easily corroded when exposed to the air.

It is also interesting to note that fossil remains indicate the former occurrence of thylacines and Tasmanian devils on the Australian mainland.

The occurrence in the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia of fossil marsupials allied to the living Caenolestes has been mentioned above.

The valley between Incisa and Arezzo contains accumulations of fossil bones of the deer, elephant, rhinoceros, mastodon, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and more.

This comparison leads to the important conclusion that the wild Bactrian Camelus bactrianus ferus comes much nearer to the fossil species than it does to the domesticated breed, the resemblance being specially noticeable in the absolutely and relatively small size of the last molar.

The fossil shells, pottery and rude stone implements, found alike at the base and at the surface of these middens, prove that the habits of the islanders have not varied since a remote past, and lead to the belief that the Andamans were settled by their present inhabitants some time during the Pleistocene period, and certainly no later than the Neolithic age.

The discovery of a single fossil creature in a geological stratum of a wrong period, the detection of a single anatomical or physiological fact irreconcilable with origin by descent with modification, would have been destructive of the theory and would have made the reputation of the observer.

Allingite, a fossil resin allied to succinite, from Switzerland.

These bodies had long been known as "fossil fir cones" and "bezoar stones."

In this article (A) the general anatomy of birds is discussed, (B) fossil birds, (c) the geographical distribution.

Fossil Birds Much had naturally been expected from the study of fossil birds, but, so far as the making of classifications is concerned, they have proved rather a source of perplexities.

Struthio in Africa and Arabia, fossil also in the Sivalik Hills, and Aepyornithidae in Madagascar; Pittzdae, Bucerotinae and Upupinae, of which Upupa itself in India, Madagascar and Africa; Coraciidae; Pycnonotidae or bulbuls; Trogonidae, of which the Asiatic genera are the less specialized in opposition to the Neotropical forms; Vulturidae; Leptoptilus, Anastomus and Ciconia among the storks; Pteroclidae; Treroninae among pigeons.

With the exception of a few species from the Solenhofen lithographic Oolite, fossil Diptera belong to the Tertiary Period, during which the members of this order attained a high degree of development.

It is now, in fact, generally admitted that metamorphosis has been acquired comparatively recently, and Scudder in his review of the earliest fossil insects states that " their metamorphoses were simple and incomplete, the young leaving the egg with the form of the parent, but without wings, the assumption of which required no quiescent stage before maturity."

We have undoubted fossil evidence that winged insects lived in the Devonian and became numerous in the Carboniferous period.

This order can be traced with certainty back to the early Jurassic epoch, while the Permian fossil Eugereon, and the living order - specially modified in many respects - of the Thysanoptera indicate steps by which the aberrant suctorial and piercing mouth of the Hemiptera may have been developed from the biting mouth of primitive Isopteroids, by the elongation of some parts and the suppression of others.

The skull and sternum were at the time unknown, and indeed the whole order, without doubt entirely extinct, rested exclusively on the celebrated fossil, then unique, Archaeopteryx.

A large proportion of the fossil remains, the determination and description of which was his object, were what are very commonly called the " long bones," that is to say, those of the limbs.

Unfortunately none of these, however, can be compared for singularity with Archaeopteryx or with some American fossil forms next to be noticed, for their particular It is true that from the time of Buffon, though he scorned any regular classification, geographical distribution had been occasionally held to have something to do with systematic arrangement; but the way in which the two were related was never clearly put forth, though people who could read between the lines might have guessed the secret from Darwin's Journal of Researches, as well as from his introduction to the Zoology of the " Beagle" Voyage.

During recent years the study of fossil insects (palaeoentomology) has attracted much attention.

In North America about thirty species and twice as many geographic races (subspecies) are known, and the occurrence of several distinct fossil forms shows that the genus has long been established.

After copies of such reliefs have been taken in gypsum, cement, statuary pasteboard, fossil dust mixed with vegetable oil, or some other suitable material, they are painted.

As proved by the discovery of fossil remains, musk-oxen ranged during the Pleistocene period over northern Siberia and the plains of Germany and France, their bones occurring in river-deposits along with those of the reindeer, mammoth, and woolly rhinoceros.

Ephemeridae belong to a very ancient type of insects, and fossil imprints of allied forms occur even in the Devonian and Carboniferous formations.

These new structures would rest uncomfortably upon eroded formations and this, Wayland Vaughan points out, is what we actually observe in the case of living and fossil coral reefs.

In a later scheme based on our increased knowledge of fossil forms, the Brachiopoda are divided into four primary groups (orders).

A full bibliography of Brachiopoda (recent and fossil) is to be found in Davidson's Monograph of British Fossil Brachiopods, Pal.

Do we know in the recent or fossil condition any such primitive Arachnids ?

The Anomomeristic Arachnida form a single sub-class, of which only imperfect fossil remains are known.

Fossil scorpions of the modern type are found in the Coal Measures.

Fossil forms occur in the Carboniferous.

No noteworthy fossil spiders are known; the best-preserved are in amber of Oligocene age.

Zittel, American edition of his Palaeontology (the Macmillan Co., New York), where ample references to the literature of Trilobitae and Eurypteridae will be found; also references to literature of fossil Scorpions and Spiders; 23.

Fossil reptilian remains, chiefly Dicynodon, are abundant.

In it various fossil mammalian remains have been found.

Between Linnaeus and Cuvier there are no very great names; but under the stimulus given by the admirable method and system of Linnaeus observation and description of new forms from all parts of the world, both recent and fossil, accumulated.

Another special distinction of Cuvier is his remarkable work in comparing extinct with recent organisms, his descriptions of the fossil Mammalia of the Paris basin, and his general application of the knowledge of recent animals to the reconstruction of extinct ones, as indicated by fragments only of their skeletons.

The overlying sandstones afford good building stones, and frequently, as at Vereeniging, yield many fossil plants.

Amber is extracted by Kachins in the Hukawng valley beyond the administrative border, but the quality of the fossil resin is not very good.

Fossil species of Dolichotis occur in the caverns of Brazil, and also in the superficial deposits of Argentina.

The scope of the archaeologist's studies must include every department of the ancient history of man as preserved in antiquities of whatever character, be they tumuli along the Baltic, fossil skulls and graven bones from the caves of France, the flint implements, pottery, and mummies of Egypt, tablets and bas-reliefs from Mesopotamia, coins and sculptures of Greece and Rome, or inscriptions, waxen tablets, parchment rolls, and papyri of a relatively late period of classical antiquity.

The Heteroptera can be traced back farther than any other winged insects if the fossil Protocimex silurica Moberg, from the Ordovician slates of Sweden is rightly regarded as the wing of a bug.

Eugereon is a remarkable Permian fossil, with jaws that are typically hemipterous except that the second maxillae are not fused and with cockroach-like wings.

Here may be mentioned the gigantic fossil deer commonly known as the Irish elk, which is perhaps a giant type of fallow-deer, and if so should be known as Cervus (Dama) giganteus.

In the Old World a large number of fossil forms are known, of which the earliest is the Egyptian Eocene Geniohyus.

The Texas Cretaceous is notably rich in the fossil remains of an invertebrate fauna and in the vicinity of Waco Cretaceous fossils of vertebrates have been obtained.

Fossil remains of saurians of gigantic size have been found; one thigh bone measures 6 ft.

Fossil remains of beavers are found in the peat and other superficial deposits of England and the continent of Europe; while in the Pleistocene formations of England and Siberia occur remains of a giant extinct beaver, Trogontherium cuvieri, representing a genus by itself.

Elsewhere in the United States fossilized bones, crania of a low order, association of human remains with those of fossil animals are not necessarily evidence of vast antiquity.

Judging from the abundant fossil remains of trees, the island must have been thickly clothed with woods and other vegetation of which it has no doubt been denuded by volcanic action and submergence, and possibly by changes of climate.

Buried in this clay-marl are found large deposits of the fossil resin which becomes the kauri gum of commerce; and on the surface extensive forests are still a great though diminishing source of wealth.

Fossil remains of mammals, fish and reptiles found in the Tertiary deposits of south-western Montana are preserved in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and in the museum of the university of Montana.

Interesting fossil remains have also been found in Carboniferous formations in the south-west of the state.

Its north-east portion consists of Upper Silurian coral limestones (Llandovery division), containing a rich fossil fauna and representing a series of folds running north-northwest.

The western portion of Kotelnyi is built up of Middle Devonian limestones and slates, folded the same way, of which the fossil fauna is similar to that of the Urals.

Along the southern coast of Bolshoy Baron Toll found immense layers of fossil ice, 70 ft.

Cathedral Park in the southern portion, Spearfish Canon in the north, and the extensive fossil forest at the foot of Mattie's Peak are noteworthy; while the Crystal Cave, near Piedmont, and the Wind Cave, near Hot Springs, are almost unrivalled.

Early in life he published observations on the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary deposits in the Thames valley, and on fossil plants and various invertebrata, in the Magazine of Natural History, the Annals of Nat.

At Sheppey it is rich in various kinds of fossil fish and shells.

Dawson and Leo Lesquereux, and others who reported on the Canadian and American fossil plants.

The most notable fact in the geological history of the archipelago is the discovery in Java of the fossil remains of Pithecanthropus erectus, a form intermediate between the higher apes and man.

Fossil remains of extinct bears first occur in strata of the Pliocene age.

The earliest account of these birds is that of Polack (New Zealand, London, 1838), who speaks of the former existence of some struthious birds in the north island as proved by fossil bones which were shown to him.

Unfortunately no fossil moas, older than the Pleiocene, are known.

Besides those already mentioned, his works include An Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture (1832), An Outline of the Structure and Physiology of Plants (1832), A Natural System of Botany (1836), The Fossil Flora of Great Britain (with William Hutton, 1831-1837), Flora Medica (1838), Theory of Horticulture (1840), The Vegetable Kingdom (1846), Folia Orchidacea (1852), Descriptive Botany (1858).

Fossil bones and teeth, indistinguishable from those of existing leopards, have been found in cave-deposits of Pleistocene age in Spain, France, Germany and England.

In order to illustrate the grateful services which palaeontology through restoration may render to the related earth sciences let us imagine a vast continent of the past wholly unknown in its physical features, elevation, climate, configuration, but richly represented by fossil remains.

All the fossil plants and animals of every kind are brought from this continent into a great museum; the latitude, longitude and relative elevation of each specimen are precisely recorded; a corps of investigators, having the most exact and thorough training in zoology and botany, and gifted with imagination, will soon begin to restore the geographic and physiographic outlines of the continent, its fresh, brackish and salt-water confines, its seas, rivers and lakes, its forests, uplands, plains, meadows and swamps, also to a certain extent the cosmic relations of this continent, the amount and duration of its sunshine, as well as something of the chemical constitution of its atmosphere and the waters of its rivers and seas; they will trace the progressive changes which took place in the outlines of the continent and its surrounding oceans, following the invasion§ of the land by the sea and the re-emergence of the land and retreatal of the seashore; they will outline the shoals and deeps of its border seas, and trace the barriers which prevented intermingling of the inhabitants of the various provinces of the continent and the surrounding seas.

Successive observers in Italy, notably Fracastoro (1483-1553), Fabio Colonna (1567-1640 or 1650) and Nicolaus Steno (1638 - c. 1687), a Danish anatomist, professor in Padua, advanced the still embryonic science and set forth the principle of comparison of fossil with living forms. Near the end of the 17th century Martin Lister (1638-1712), examining the Mesozoic shell types of England, recognized the great similarity as well as the differences between these and modern species, and insisted on the need of close comparison of fossil and living shells, yet he clung to the old view that fossils were sports of nature.

In England Robert Hooke (1635-1703) held to the theory of extinction of fossil forms, and advanced the two most fertile ideas of deriving from fossils a chronology, or series of time intervals in the earth's history, and of primary changes of climate, to account for the former existence of tropical species in England.

The Italian geologist Soldani distinguished (1758) between the fossil fauna of the deep sea and of the shore-lines.

These works swept aside the dry traditional fossil lore which had been accumulating in France and Germany.

It should be borne in mind, first, that wherever a new animal suddenly appears or a new character suddenly arises in a fossil horizon we must consider whether such appearance may be due to the non-discovery of transitional links with older forms, or to the sudden invasion of a new type or new organ which has gradually evolved elsewhere.

Hernandez and Acosta shared the opinion of their time that the great fossil bones .found in Mexico were remains of giants, and that, as before the deluge there were giants on the earth, therefore Mexico was peopled from the Old World in antediluvian times.

The short-horned Asiatic goats of the genus Hemitragus receive mention in the article Tahr; but it may be added that fossil species of the same genus are known from the Lower Pliocene formations of India, which have also yielded remains of a goat allied to the markhor of the Himalayas.

This knob or ridge may be appropriately regarded as an ancient physiographic fossil, inasmuch as, being a monadnock of very remote origin, it has long been preserved from the destructive attack of the weather by burial under sea-floor deposits, and recently laid bare, like ordinary organic fossils of much smaller size, by the removal of part of its cover by normal erosion.

The Upper Barren Coal Measures of some parts of the east (Ohio, Pennsylvania, &c.) are now classed as Permian on the basis of their fossil plants.

The fossil group Palaeoconcha is connected with the Protobranchia through the Solenomyidae.

Atnina; fossil and recent, from Carboniferous to present day.

Fossil Neuroptera occur in the Lias and even in the Trias if the relationships of certain larvae have been correctly surmised.

Fossil Trichoptera occur in rocks of Liassic age.

His brother Guido Sandberger (1821-1869) was an authority on fossil cephalopoda, and together they published Die Versteinerungen des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau (1850-1856).

The single species is from Tasmania, though it has been found fossil in New South Wales; it is somewhat similar in size and appearance to the English water-rat, but has longer and softer fur.

Amber (q.v.) is a fossil resin.

Fossil corals fix the geological age of the rock.

The fossil remains of three species have been described by Professor Marsh - one from the Miocene of Colorado, and two, one much taller and the other smaller than the existing species, from the post-Pliocene of New Jersey.

Fossil remains of a true 1 It has been said to occur occasionally in Europe (Greece and southern Russia).

In many parts of the world there is no sharp line of demarcation between the Devonian and the Carboniferous rocks; neither can the fossil faunas and floras be clearly separated at any well-defined line; this is true in Britain, Belgium, Russia, Westphalia and parts of North America.

Again, at the summit of the Carboniferous series, both the rocks and their fossil contents merge gradually into those of the succeeding Permian system, as in Russia, Bohemia, the Saar region and Texas.

The fossil plants connect this group with the coal-measures; the marine fossils have, to some extent, a Carboniferous limestone aspect.

In subdividing the strata of the Carboniferous system and correlating the major divisions in different areas, just as in other great systems, use has to be made of the fossil contents of the rocks; stratigraphical units, based on lithology, are useless for this purpose.

The fossil plants which are found in the upper beds of the preceding Devonian system are so closely related to those in the Lower Carboniferous, that from a palaeobotanical standpoint the two form one indivisible period.

The animals preserved in the continental type of Carboniferous deposit naturally differ markedly from the fossil remains of the purely marine portions of the system.

Many insects, &c., have been obtained from the coalfields of Saarbriick and Commentry, and from the hollow trunks of fossil trees in Nova Scotia.

They extend back beyond the Carboniferous, where they occur as hyphae, &c., preserved in the fossil woods, but the best specimens are probably those in amber and in siliceous petrifactions of more recent origin.

The reindeer now occurs only as a fossil; the sable, mentioned in the annals, has migrated eastwards; the wild horse, described by the annals as intermediate between the horse and the ass - probably similar to the Equus przewalskii of central Asia - is reputed to have been met with in the 13th century in the basin of the Warta, and two centuries later in the forests of Lithuania.

Fossil remains of the badger have been found in England in deposits of Pleistocene age.

Blende, is also found sporadically in sedimentary rocks; for example, in nodules of clay-ironstone in the Coal Measures, in the cement-doggers of the Lias, and in the casts of fossil shells.

In the Kharga Oasis the upper portion consists of variously colored unfossiliferous clays with intercalated bands of sandstone containing fossil silicified woods (Nicolia Aegyptiaca and A raucarioxylon Aegypticum).

Excepting where the thallus is impregnated with silica, as in Diatomaceae, or carbonate of lime, as in Corallinaceae,Characeae and some Siphonales, it is perhaps not surprising that algae should not have been extensively preserved in the fossil form.

It is believed, however, that the Devonian fossil, Nematophycus, is a Laminarian alga, but it is not until the late Secondary and the Tertiary formations that fossil remains of algae become frequent.

Fossil voles from the Pliocene of England and Italy with molars which are rooted as soon as developed form the genus Mimomys.

Unfortunately, we know at present practically nothing as to the past history of the group, all the fossil species at present discovered approximating more or less closely to existing types.

The clays, which contain layers of good coal and an abundant fossil vegetation, show that during the Miocene period Sakhalin formed part of a continent which comprised north Asia, Alaska and Japan, and enjoyed a comparatively warm climate.

Fossil as well as living animals engaged his attention, and in his studies of the strata around Paris he was instrumental in establishing the Tertiary formations.

Fossil remains of flamingos have been described from the Lower Miocene of France as P. croizeti, and from the Pliocene of Oregon.

Llamas are now confined to the western and southernmost parts of South America, though fossil remains have been found in the caves of Brazil, and in the pampas of the Argentine Republic.

Mme Pavlow, of Moscow, has brought to notice a fossil camel-skull of great interest, which was collected in the district Alexandrie, of the government of Kherson, Russia.

Possibly this Russian camel (Procamelus khersonensis), as it is called, may form the connecting link between the typical Procamelus of North America and the fossil camel (Camelus sivalensis) of the Siwalik Hills of India.

Several species of large fossil tortoises have also been discovered; they are quite different from the living ones of Aldabra, in the same zoological region.

Fossil remains of extinct civets are found in the Miocene strata of Europe.

The then recent work of Cuvier on fossil mammalia encouraged Lartet in excavations which led in 1834 to his first discovery of fossil remains in the neighbourhood of Auch.

Thenceforward he devoted his whole time to a systematic examination of the French caves, his first publication on the subject being The Antiquity of Man in Western Europe (1860), followed in 1861 by New Researches on the Coexistence of Man and of the Great Fossil Mammifers characteristic of the Last Geological Period.

The Cambrian rocks of Ireland, a great series of purple and green shales, slates and grits with beds of quartzite, have not yet yielded sufficient fossil evidence to permit of a correlation with the Welsh rocks, and possibly some parts of the series may be transferred in the future to the overlying Ordovician.

Fossil remains of wombats, some of larger size than any now existing, have been found in caves and Pleistocene deposits in Australia.

The carapace, formerly referred only to the antennar-mandibular segments, may perhaps in fact contain elements from any number of other segments of head and trunk, Huxley, Alcock, Bouvier giving support to this opinion by the sutural or other divisional lines in Potamobius, Nephrops, Thalassina, and various fossil genera.

Traquair in 1890, in allusion to its well-developed vertebral rings; and its structure was studied in detail in 1903 by Professor and Miss Sollas, who succeeded in making enlarged models of the fossil in wax.

He soon showed an inclination towards the study of natural science, devoting himself at first more particularly to geology, and later to botany, thus equipping himself for what was to be the main occupation of his life - the investigation of fossil plants.

In the middle of the 10th century trade was carried on at Khiva in fossil ivory.

Ehrenberg adds a list of 8 Polygastric Infusoria, 1 fossil infusorian, 5 Phytolitharia and several microscopic fungi.

He was distinguished for his researches on the Tertiary floras of various parts of Europe, and on the fossil floras of Australia and New Zealand.

They probably fed partly on fish, partly on insects; but no traces of food have hitherto been observed within the fossil skeletons.

In spite of the soft nature of their bodies, a number of Scyphomedusae have been found fossil; see especially Maas (7 and 12).

Paraphyllina recent; Paraphyllites fossil [see Maas (8 and 12)].

The Triassic age of the Hawkesbury Sandstone is supported by the evidence of the fossil fish; though, according to Dr Smith Woodward, they may perhaps be Rhaetic, .'But the fossil plants of which the chief are Taeniopteris daintreei and Thinnfeldia odontopteroides are regarded by Seward as Lower Jurassic. At Talbragar there is a bed containing Jurassic fish, which rests in an erosion hollow in the Hawkesbury Sandstone.

Although fossil remains of Crustacea are abundant, from the most ancient fossiliferous rocks down to the most recent, their study has hitherto contributed little to a precise knowledge of the phylogenetic history of the class.

He compared the fossil with the living organisms, and distinguished marine and fiuviatile formations.

Fossil hyenas occur in the Lower Pliocene of Greece, China, India, &c.; while remains indistinguishable from those of the striped species have been found in the Upper Pliocene of England and Italy.

The wide acceptance of the Darwinian theory, as applied to, the descent of man, has naturally roused anticipation that geological research, which provides evidence of the animal life of incalculably greater antiquity, would furnish fossil remains of some comparatively recent being intermediate between the anthropomorphic and the anthropic types.

Human bones and objects of human manufacture have been found in such geological relation to the remains of fossil species of elephant, rhinoceros, hyena, bear, &c., as to lead to the distinct inference that man already existed at a remote period in localities where these mammalia are now and have long been extinct.

While numerous remains of grass-like leaves are a proof that grasses were widespread and abundantly developed in past geological ages, especially in the Tertiary period, the fossil remains are in most cases too fragmentary and badly preserved for the determination of genera, and conclusions based thereon in explanation of existing geographical distribution are most unsatisfactory.

Among existing Cycadophyta we find surviving types which, in their present isolation, their close resemblance to fossil forms, and in certain morphological features, constitute links with the past that not only connect the present with former periods in the earth's history, but serve as sign-posts pointing the way back along one of the many lines which evolution has followed.

A feature of interest in connexion with the phylogeny of cycads is the presence of long hairs clothing the scale-leaves, and forming a cap on the summit of the stem-apex or attached to the bases of petioles; on some fossil cycadean plants these outgrowths have the form of scales, and are identical in structure with the ramenta (paleae) of the majority of ferns.

This view receives support from fossil evidence.

A wellknown fossil conifer from Triassic strata - Voltzia heterophylly - also illustrates a marked dissimilarity in the leaves of the same shoot.

The variation in leaf-form and the tendency of leaves to arrange themselves in various ways on different branches of the same plant are features which it is important to bear in mind in the identification of fossil conifers.

Formerly all corals in which tabulae are present were classed together as Tabulata, but Tubipora is an undoubted Alcyonarian with a lamellar stolon, and the structure of the fossil genus Syringopora, which has vertical corallites united by horizontal solenia, clearly shows its affinity to Tubipora.

As for Holothuroidea, the fossil evidence allows us to say no more than that the class existed in early Carboniferous times, if not before.

Turning to fossil Asteroidea, we find the earlier ophiurids scarcely distinguishable from the asterids, while in the alternation of the ambulacrals, which undoubtedly correspond to the flooring-plates of Edrioaster, both groups approach the Pelmatozoan type.

The genus occurs in a fossil state, four species having been described from rocks of Tertiary age.

In the case of the great order, or assemblage, of Ungulata it is necessary to pay somewhat more attention to fossil forms, since a considerable number of groups are either altogether extinct or largely on the wane.

In addition to the occurrence of their fossil remains almost throughout the world, the former wide range of the tapirs is attested by the fact of their living representatives being confined to such widely sundered areas as Malaysia and tropical America.

At Cambridge he obtained fossil shells from the Pleistocene deposit at Barnwell; in the Vale of Wardour he discovered in Purbeck Beds the isopod named by Milne-Edwards Archaeoniscus Brodiei; in Buckinghamshire he described the outliers of Purbeck and Portland Beds; and in the Vale of Gloucester the Lias and Oolites claimed his attention.

Fossil insects, however, formed the subject of his special studies (History of the Fossil Insects of the Secondary Rocks of England, 1845), and many of his published papers relate to them.

Representatives of all the Tertiary formations are met with in Turkestan; but while in the highlands the strata are coast-deposits, they assume an open sea character in the lowlands, and their rich fossil fauna furnishes evidence of the gradual shallowing of that sea, until at last, after the Sarmathian period, it became a closed Mediterranean.

The Sphenophyllales are only known in a fossil state, while the Equisetales, Lycopodiales and Filicales include both living and extinct representatives.

Fossil species, some of which attained a great size, are known, to which the name Equisetites is given, since they appear to be closely allied to the existing forms. Two other extinct genera, Phyllotheca and Schizoneura, may be mentioned here.

The principal public buildings are the town-hall, a somewhat ornate market house, the gildhall, the public hall, the infirmary, the antiquarian museum (including some valuable fossil remains) and the public and mechanics' libraries.

The lowest members of these rest directly upon the central mass of crystalline rocks, and consist of sandstones, conglomerates and shales, which have been supposed by some to belong to the Trias, without, however, the discovery of any fossil necessary to confirm this supposition, except some silicified trunks of trees.

Since the French occupation (1895) considerable additions have been made to our knowledge of the fossil fauna of Madagascar from researches made both on the west and south-west coast (at Belo and Ambolisatrana) and in the interior (at Antsirabe), especially in the rich deposits near Tsarazaza (Ampasambazimba), to the north-west of Lake Itasy.

The Bad Lands and the Arikaree are famous fossil fields, the latter being the source of the Daemonelix, or " Devil's cork-screw," a large spiral fossil, apparently a lacustrine alga.

Among other fossil genera of recent institution, Archaeolepas, Lepidocoleus, Squama, Stramentum can only be mentioned as incentives to research.

Lower Cainozoic lacustrine beds with fossil plants, of the same age as those which underlie the older basalts of Victoria, occur in the valleys of northern Tasmania.

His investigations must embrace not only the comparative morphology and anatomy of fossil plants, but also their distribution over the earth's surface at different periods - a part of the subject which, besides its direct biological interest, has obvious bearings on ancient climatology and geography.

If sporangia and spores are present they also may persist in a perfectly recognizable form, and in fact much of our knowledge of the fructification of fossil Ferns and similar plants has been derived from specimens of this kind.

Apart from the multitude of supposed fossil Algae described as " Fucoids " but usually not of Algal nature, and never presenting determinable characters, very little remains that can be referred to Palaeozoic Brown Algae.

The most striking of all fossil Algae, however, Nematophycus, may possibly be a Phaeophycean.

There can be little doubt of the Algal nature of the fossil, but beyond this it is impossible at present to carry its determination.

Since that time a number of fossil Bacteria, mainly from Palaeozoic strata, have been described by Renault, occurring in all kinds of fossilized vegetable and animal debris.

In examining the tissues of fossil plants of that epoch nothing is more common than to meet with mycelial hyphae in and among the cells; in many cases the hyphae are septate, showing that the higher Fungi (Mycomycetes), as distinguished from the more algoid Phycomycetes, already existed.

Under this name are included the fossil Lycopods of herbaceous habit, which occur occasionally, from the Devonian onwards.

The great majority of specimens of fossil fern-like plants are preserved in the form of carbonaceous impressions of fronds, often of remarkable perfection and beauty.

The discovery of the fossil trunks and of their rooted bases has shown that the Cordaiteae were large trees, reaching 30 metres or more in height; the lofty shaft bore a dense crown of branches, clothed with long simple leaves, spirally arranged.

Isolated fossil seeds are common in the Carboniferous and Permian strata; in all cases they are of the orthotropous type, and resemble the seeds of Cycads or Ginkgo more nearly than those of any other living plants.

This continental area has been described as " Gondwana Land," a tract of enormous extent occupying an area, part of which has since given place to a southern ocean, while detached masses persist as portions of more modern continents, which have enabled us to read in their fossil plants and ice-scratched boulders the records of a lost continent in which the Mesozoic vegetation of the northern hemisphere had its birth.

These fossil Hepaticae are unfortunately founded only on sterile fragments, and placed in the Liverworts on the strength of their resemblance to the thallus of Marchantia and other recent genera.

Equisetites columnaris, a common fossil in the Jurassic plant-beds of the Yorkshire coast, represents another type with relatively stout and occasionally branched vegetative shoots, bearing leaf-sheaths very like those of Equisetum maximum and other Horsetails.

The scaly ramenta which occur in abundance on the leaf-stalk bases of fossil Cycads constitute another fern-character surviving in Mesozoic Cycadales.

It has been found useful in some cases to examine microscopically the thin film of coal that often covers the pinnae of fossil fronds, in order to determine the form of the epidermal cells which may be preserved in the carbonized cuticle; rectilinear epidermal cell-walls are usually considered characteristic of Cycads, while cells with undulating walls are more likely to belong to Ferns.

On the other hand, there are several fossil Ferns of Jurassic age possessing cup-like sori like those of Thyrsopteris and other Cyatheaceous Ferns, which indicate a wide Mesozoic distribution for this family.

It is by no means easy in dealing with fossil ferns to distinguish between certain Polypodiaceae - such as species of Davallia - and members of the Cyatheaceae.

The frequent occurrence of such names as Asplenium, Adiantum, Davallia, and other Polypodiaceous genera in lists of fossil ferns is thoroughly misleading.

Our knowledge of the anatomy of fossil Osmundaceae has recently been considerably extended by Kidston and Gwynne-Vaughan.

A more important question is, What knowledge have we of the reproductive organs and stems of these fossil Cycads?

As a rule, however, the fossil stems show a marked difference from modern forms in the possession of lateral shoots given off from the axils of leaves, and terminating in a flower of complex structure containing numerous orthotropous seeds.

An adequate account of fossil Mesozoic Conifers is impossible within the limits of this article.

Fossil wood, described under the name Cupressinoxylon, has been recorded from several Mesozoic horizons in Europe and elsewhere, but this term has been employed in a wide sense as a designation for a type of structure met with not only in the Cupressineae, but in members of other families of Coniferae.

Fossil wood of the Pinites type (Pityoxylon) has been described from England, France, Germany, Sweden, Spitsbergen, North America and elsewhere; some of the best British examples have been obtained from the so-called Pine-raft, the remains of water-logged and petrified wood of Lower Greensand age, seen at low water near Brook Point in the Isle of Wight.

There are, moreover, no facts furnished by fossil plants in support of the view that Angiosperms were represented either in the low-lying forests or on the slopes of the mountains of the Coal period.

The great rarity of Monocotyledons is a common characteristic of fossil floras known only, as this one is, from leaves principally belonging to deciduous trees.

Gardner, however, is unable to reconcile this estimated richness with our knowledge of the flora, and surmises that fossil plants from other localities must have been inadvertently included.

This is derived from strata of Oligocene age, and is particularly valuable because it preserves perfectly various soft parts of the plants, which are usually lost in fossil specimens.

It enables us to determine accurately orders and genera which otherwise are unknown in the fossil state, and it thus aids us in forming a truer idea of the flora of the period than can be formed at any locality where the harder parts alone are recognizable.

Concurrently with this change, the tropical and extinct forms disappeared, and the flora approached more and more nearly to that now existing in the districts where the fossil plants are found, though in the older deposits, at any rate, the geographical distribution still differed considerably from that now met with.

Taking into account, however, the closest living allies of the fossil plants, we find about equal affinities with the floras of Europe, America, and Asia.

I., pp. 462-542 (1896); " The Cretaceous Formation of the Black Hills as indicated by the Fossil Plants," 19th Report U.S. Geological Survey, Pt.

Fossil remains are few in the Upper Eocene and Miocene of Europe and the Upper Cretaceous of North America.

Apart from a few unsatisfactory remains from the Eocene of Wyoming, fossil tailless batrachians are otherwise only known from the Oligocene, Miocene and Pliocene of Europe and India.

Even the fossil Stegocephalia underwent metamorphosis, as we know from various larval remains first described as Branchiosaurus.

The fossilmeasured 24 inches by 18 inches by 10 inches and had been dug up on the site.

Most others are either retired, outside mainstream academia or tied to the fossil fuel industry.

It is a fossil ammonite - an extinct mollusk that floated through the seas in its coiled shell.

Its teeth and jaws are very similar to those of older fossil apes.

Abstract Fossil evidence of terrestrial vascular plant life and terrestrial arthropods exists from the Silurian.

Well-known examples of complete fossil insects and other related arthropods have been found embedded in pieces of Tertiary amber.

Be aware of, and to recognize, the main morphological and compositional features which allow assignation of an individual fossil to each group.

Fossil sea shells can be found in the rocks, including bivalves related to modern oysters.

These rocks demonstrate a change from coastal to marine conditions and contain fossil brachiopods, corals and the remains of sea-lilies.

These rocks yield occasional fossil brachiopods indicating that they were deposited in a shallow sea.

The lowest unit, the Llandovery Series, comprises coarse sandstones and conglomerates and siltstones with abundant fossil brachiopods and trilobites.

Between them, belching and biomass burning make the second largest contribution to global warming after fossil fuel burning.

Burning wood gives off carbon dioxide, just like fossil fuels, but this is balanced by the carbon absorbed by the growing trees.

You can join a fossil trail, have a go at fossil casting or make your fortune panning for gems!

Upon it will fall the moral censure which must accompany the change in our society's relationship to fossil fuels.

We are all addicts of fossil fuels in a state of denial, about to face cold turkey.

The number of cloud droplets is found to be higher in regions of fossil fuel combustion.

You are all familiar with Limulus, the horseshoe crab, a kind of living fossil.

Among the stone beads used in these necklaces were fossil crinoids.

In conclusion, perhaps the scale of global warming has been overstated by omitting to take into account fossil fuel depletion.

We have 5 days of allocated science onboard in which to collect cores of deep sea sediments - made up of beautiful fossil diatoms!