Fossil Sentence Examples

Fossil fuels are, without a doubt, scarce.

In the first two volumes fossil birds, occasionally based upon a fragmentary bone only, are also included.

Fossil remains of members of this family have also been found in Europe in strata of the Oligocene period.

Many other fossil resins more or less allied to amber have been described.

The fossil egg of a struthious bird, Struthiolithus, has been found near Cherson, south Russia, and in north China.

The mineral had, however, been earlier known as a blue powdery substance, called "blue ironearth," met with in peat-bogs, in bog iron-ore, or with fossil bones and shells.

A recently discovered fossil group, the Pteridospermae have characters intermediate between the Ptendophyta and the more primitive seedplants.

Thus he reached the New Siberian or Liakhov Islands, and for years afterwards the seekers for fossil ivory resorted to them.

Among the public buildings are the town hall, classic in style; the market house, and literary and scientific institution, with a museum containing a fossil collection from the limestone of the locality.

Dr Leche also institutes a comparison between the skeletons of the wild and the tame Bactrian camel with the remains of certain fossil Asiatic camels, namely, Camelus knoblochi from Sarepta, Russia, and C. alutensis from the Aluta valley, Rumania.

Coprolites have been found at Lyme Regis, enclosed by the ribs of ichthyosauri, and in the remains of several species of fish; also in the abdominal cavities of a species of fossil fish, Macropoma Mantelli, from the chalk of Lewes.

Dr Burmeister was afterwards placed in charge of the provincial museum of Buenos Aires, and devoted himself to the acquisition of a collection of fossil remains, now in the La Plata museum, which ranks among the best of the world.

Granting this is a general truth, it must yet be acknowledged as a special fact, that in fossil birds we have as yet but scanty means of arriving at any precise results which will justify bold generalization in the matter of avine distribution.

A remarkable fossil from the Scottish Coal-measures (Lithomantis) had apparently small wing-like structures on the prothorax, and in allied genera small veined outgrowths - like tracheal gills - occurred on the abdominal segments.

Flora.-The pastoral wealth of Uruguay, as of the neighbouring Argentine Republic, is due to the fertilizing constitutents of "pampa mud," geologically associated with gigantic antediluvian animals, whose fossil remains are abundant.

This comparison leads to the important conclusion that the wild Bactrian Camelus bactrianus ferus comes much nearer to the fossil species than it does to the domesticated breed, the resemblance being specially noticeable in the absolutely and relatively small size of the last molar.

With the exception of a few species from the Solenhofen lithographic Oolite, fossil Diptera belong to the Tertiary Period, during which the members of this order attained a high degree of development.

Fossil fuels, on the other hand, are nonrenewable.

The great interest in connexion with a dwarf West African race of elephant is in relation to the fossil pigmy elephants of the limestone fissures and caves of Malta and Cyprus.

Still, the close relationship of the existing Liberian pigmy hippopotamus to the fossil Mediterranean species is significant, in relation to the foregoing observations on the elephant.

With the increasing scrutiny of dependence on fossil fuels, many advocates for alternative energy sources may wonder, "Is nuclear energy renewable?"

It takes a very small amount of uranium to produce a great deal of energy, making nuclear energy a cost-effective alternative to fossil fuels such as coal or oil.

While it is not dependent upon fossil fuels, there is a limited quantity of uranium in the Earth.

Nuclear energy can sometimes be seen as a more environmentally friendly alternative to fossil fuels and other nonrenewable energy sources.

Solar energy is also renewable, which means there's an endless supply unlike fossil fuels.

Changing the way you use energy at home can save you money and reduce the demand for fossil fuels.

Weatherization is another important energy saving component that can help you reduce the amount of fossil fuel needed to heat and cool your home.

According to the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), natural gas and heating oil accounts for six percent of United States greenhouse gas emissions from fossil fuel combustion.

Since the majority of electricity used is generated by fossil fuels, using it causes the atmosphere becomes polluted with carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the substances many believe is linked to global warming.

Fossil fuels are not renewable resources.

In terms of the environment, this means less fossil fuel usage, water usage and greenhouse gas emissions.

If possible, walk your dog in your neighborhood rather than using fossil fuels to drive to a dog park.

The official Web sites for hip designers like Tommy Hilfiger, Fossil, Diesel, Ralph Lauren or Calvin Klein will always have the absolute latest cool belts on offer.

It comes in sizes S/M and L/XL and in colors such as Fossil and Sail.

The Fossil website calls their style "modern yet vintage."

Fossil started up in 1984, stepping into the world of watches first.

That's a portion of the beauty of classic styles like those from Fossil's line.

The prices are similar to the ones found at the Fossil site.

The selection of Fossil styles isn't huge, but the styles they do have will flatter many face shapes.

Fossil is a more affordable option than some of the other top rated brands.

Fossil is also readily available at department stores, so you won't have to visit an optical shop or shop online to get it.

The electricity the heater uses is still being generated by a plant that's burning fossil fuels.

Fossil handbags are not only designed to accentuate a variety of looks, but their fine craftsmanship and stylish features define quality.

Fossil, Inc. is one of America's foremost watch and accessories companies.

In 2002, Fossil hit the high fashion scene when it combined efforts with Burberry to create and market a new line of Burberry watches.

Moreover, Fossil is a company of global proportions.

In 1996, Fossil completed its ascent into retail with the opening of several company-owned outlet and accessory stores.

That same year Fossil became one of the first online retailers with the launch of fossil.com.

Today, Fossil products can be found in both department stores and 2,000 specialty retail stores located in 90 countries.

Fossil handbags are committed to the demands of the contemporary consumer.

Customers are guaranteed that only the best genuine leather and crafting materials go into the making of a Fossil product.

There are certain characteristics that distinguish a Fossil handbag from other products on the market.

These details surge beyond the firm quality leather and jacquard fabrics used in the making of Fossil brand bags.

The goal of Fossil handbags is to underline a timeless appeal rather than a glamourous trendiness.

Fossil delights in designing products that retain 1950's nostalgia.

Many Fossil handbags feature simple styles that are outfitted with antique brass-plated, gold, or tarnished hardware in order to preserve the feel of an earlier era.

Hardware is not excessive, and Fossil's comfortable and unpretentious styles are ideal for the casual consumer.

Since Fossil, Inc. began with the intentions of being primarily a brand, this company is easily recognized through the presence of its signature key chain logo.

Many handbags and Fossil products are distinguished with a simple key hanging from a standard ball chain.

This key is embossed with the Fossil trademark.

Fossil strives to keep up with current fashion trends and to meet the needs of every consumer.

However, Fossil handbags also come in a signature line that consistently offers certain basic models.

Since Fossil's aims are directed towards consumer needs rather than luxury and exclusivity, these products are considered generally affordable.

Fashionistas and trend-conscious consumers may be disappointed in Fossil's classic and sometimes rustic-appearing styles.

Fossil handbags also have very little to offer in the areas of glitz and special events, but are the perfect handbags for those who prefer a classic retro/vintage feel.

Fossil's bold Color of Money trifold is ideal for slipping into a slim, dressy purse.

Fossil also has an extensive collection of winter handbags that are just perfect for the cooler months.

Fossil offers leather and fabric organizer handbags in their collections in a range of colors.

Although the Fossil website will have the latest styles, don't rule out checking other sites or for past organizer bags to save money.

The Fossil Jackson City Bag is a simple, sleek bag available in black and cognac glazed leather.

You'll find wallets from designers like Fossil, Bosca and Rogue.

Fossil offers some stylish options such as the Runway ID Billfold with a plaid leather money clip.

A fossil is generally any evidence of anything that once lived, that is preserved in the earth's crust.

A living fossil is an animal that was once believed to be extinct or was only previously known through fossil records.

Enlarge a world map and do some research to find out about major fossil discoveries.

The Fort Worth Zoo offers half-price admission on Wednesdays, and the Fossil Rim Wildlife Center has discount Wednesdays.

Teva makes plenty of other men's sandals styles, including the Cardenas Fisherman, Agate Thong, Hallah Thong, Mush, Hurricane, Fossil Canyon, Open Toachi, Monsone and Tanza.

Fossil watches offer a number of special collections within its main line of watches.

These watches are inexpensive but offer the same fine quality all Fossil watches.

Fossil watches have long offered a great selection of stylish timepieces for a smart value.

Fossil has a history of innovative and classic design in both fashion watches and fine complementary leather goods.

Fossil was founded in 1984 and was the first American watch maker to combine value and style and bring it to the watch world.

Influenced by classic Americana design, Fossil created a line of casual and dress watches that were stylish to wear, functional to use, and more affordable for the everyday worker.

Fossil watches vary in style and function.

Fossil offers officially licensed NCAA watches so you can sport your favorite team on your wrist wherever you go!

Fossil is proud to offer watches featuring the likes of characters from Star Wars, Batman, Superman and more.

Fossil has teamed up with the genius behind the world famous Guggenheim Museum to bring you a line of watches that are simply out of this world!

From the twisted mind of Philip Starck comes Fossil's most daring watch line yet.

A pioneer in the watch field, Fossil has created a number of fashion and design innovations for their own line of watches.

Fossil is also the first large watch company to develop a fully functional PDA watch.

The Fossil Wrist PDA has gone through a number of redesigns and releases, but the latest promises to be the best so far.

The Fossil Wrist PDA sports a 160x160 LCD touch-screen that gives you access to a calendar, datebook, alarm clock, planner and much more.

There are a number of Fossil watch outlets across the United States and throughout the world.

Fossil's website has a store locator service that lists official retailers of Fossil products and Fossil watches across the globe.

For over twenty years Fossil watches for ladies have been winning fans.

More than just a way to keep track of time, Fossil watches are fashionable, eye-catching accessories.

With chic, unusual designs, the women's line is where Fossil's sense of style really shines.

Fossil first appeared on the scene in 1984.

Fossil has continued to look for new opportunities for growth.

Fossil also has licensing agreements with top fashion labels like DKNY, Emporio Armani and Marc Jacobs.

In 2002 Fossil launched the ABACUS line, with technological products like Person Digital Assistants (PDAs) that are worn on the wrist like watches.

The company teamed up with two famous designers to create a line of designer Fossil watches for ladies.

The watches he designed for Fossil are no exception.

With fun colors and innovative designs, including watches with the circuitry contained in the strap, Fossil watches for ladies designed by Philippe Starck stand out in a crowd.

The contemporary designs of architect Frank Gehry's buildings have obviously inspired his Fossil watch designs.

Fossil's Metal line is made up of watches with metal bands, sometimes combined with other materials such as wood or enamel.

The Strap line of Fossil watches for ladies is made up of watches with leather or plastic bands.

In addition to the Metal and Strap lines, Fossil has a number of specialty items.

For sports lovers, Fossil offers a line of NFL and NCAA watch styles for ladies.

Fashionable Fossil watches for men combine reliability with stylish designs.

With literally hundreds of designs to choose from, there's a Fossil watch for everybody.

Fossil, Inc has been making watches ever since it was founded in 1984 by a pair of brothers, Tom and Kosta Kartsotis.

Fossil's watches quickly became popular, and in 1993 the Kartsotis brothers took the company public.

In 1996 Fossil established a presence on the internet with their Fossil.com site, one of the first retailers to do so.

That same year Fossil began opening outlet stores and accessory shops.

Fossil also produces Fossil and Emporio Armani jewelry.

In addition to its own line of watches, Fossil creates watches under license for famous companies like DKNY, Burberry, Marc Jacobs and Emporio Armani.

In 2001 Fossil acquired Swiss watch brand Zodiac, giving the company a presence in Switzerland, and in 2004 bought Michele Watches, a high end brand.

Fossil also offers a miniature PDA worn on the wrist, called Abacus Wrist PDA, the first company to do so.

Most consider the 11-year limited warranty on Fossil watches, which covers the watch movement, hands and dial, a great bonus.

The Bluetooth line of Fossil watches for men makes keeping track of phone calls and messages a cinch.

Fossil teamed up with famous designers Frank Gehry and Philippe Starck to produce a chic line of designer Fossil watches for men.

Gehry is an architect, famed for his postmodern, sculptural style, and his beautiful watches for Fossil reflect his background.

Starck's streamlined, innovative designs for Fossil are sleek and stylish.

The Fossil's Metal line is made up of watches with metal watchbands, while the Strap line includes a variety of attractive leather watchbands.

In addition to their standard fare, Fossil offers several specialty watches.

From the beginning Fossil has offered an inspiring line of watches, and now the variety available to men is greater than ever before.

The ES9656 Fossil watch is a simple, yet stylish, ladies watch that can move effortlessly from day to night.

Whether it's the preschool playgroup or a night at the symphony, this Fossil watch will look great!

The watch comes with one of Fossil's adjustomatic bracelets for ease in achieving just the right fit.

While many watch styles do not show the numbers on the face, this Fossil watch has large numbers that are easy to read.

This Fossil ladies watch is water resistant to 30 meters.

According to Fossil, this means the watch should be fine if it comes in contact with small amounts of moisture, such as a sweaty palm or a light drizzle outdoors.

For an added bonus, when you buy the ES9656 Fossil watch you'll get not only a watch, but a hot collectible as well!

The ES9656 watch comes packaged in one of Fossil's well known collectible tins.

Fossil debuted these tins during the 1980s, and consumers instantly fell in love with the fun, colorful tins.

In addition to all this, the sleek, versatile Fossil watch is priced right!

Unfortunately, the ES9656 watch is not currently available at the Fossil website; however, there are other online sites that deal in fashion watches that might carry this particular style.

You can also check at stores that carry Fossil products and Fossil outlet shops to find this style of watch.

Even if you can't locate it at the shop, you might find another Fossil design that you like just as much.

The Fossil website has a great store locator tool to help you find a Fossil shop near you.

Simply plug in your zip code and a distance in miles in which to search, and the site will return all the Fossil stores nearby.

With contemporary Fossil styling and reliability, it's just may become your favorite.

Often, the watches are made by Fossil Watches and are sometimes limited edition and numbered.

Fossil Philippe Starck does offer a digital ring watch, but it can be hard to find.

This digital ring watch has a very unique look as is typical of any watch by Fossil.

Fossil is one of the official watch manufacturers for Batman licensed products.

In 1994 and 1995, Fossil released a Batman three-watch series.

The Fossil Betty Boop pocket watch is a limited edition watch that will appeal to collectors as well as Betty Boop fans the world over.

One of the most collectible pocket watches featuring Betty Boop is the Fossil Betty Boop pocket watch.

Only ten thousand Betty Boop Pocket watches were manufactured by Fossil.

Fossil produced a range of watches that were not just about telling the time, but were also an attractive accessory.

Today, Fossil is known as a leader in its field, producing over three hundred different types and styles of watch.

Fossil took inspiration for some of the watch designs from the popular fifties Americana.

The Betty Boop Fossil pocket watch was launched in 1996.

Fans of Betty Boop will notice that the cartoon featured on the Fossil pocket watch is wearing a garter.

Fossil Men's Automatic Black Leather Skeleton Watch - the highly stylized range of watches from Fossil Watches includes skeleton watches.

Are you searching for a new Fossil watch band?

Or perhaps you simply want to add a new watch band to your favorite Fossil watch for a different look.

Find out about Fossil watch band designs and where to find replacement watch bands.

Fossil, Inc. is an American watch manufacturer that was founded in 1984.

Fossil creates casual and dressy watches that reflect classic American fashions with modern trends to create a unique modern vintage style.

Fossil is known for offering a quality American-made fashionable but functional watch at reasonable prices.

Fossil watch lines are Fossil, Relic, Mobilewear, MW, MW Michele and Zodiac.

Watch bands for Fossil watch models are generally made out of leather, metal or synthetic.

Many classic style Fossil watches feature a leather strap band.

Fossil watches provides an 11-year warranty with each watch purchase that allows for the replacement of all watch components for a rate of $27.

You can still get a great deal of wear out of most of the well-made Fossil bands.

You may also consider replacing the watch band with a different Fossil band or one from another manufacturer.

When you decide to replace your Fossil watch strap, you have an opportunity to restore your watch to its original condition or create an entirely new watch look.

Fossil is a popular brand and you may be able to find a replacement band for less online than in stores.

Get an idea of what type of new look you want to create for the Fossil watch.

You can find Fossil replacement watch bands in many local stores across the country and online.

Relic watch by Fossil is one of Fossil's most popular brands.

Fossil is known for their unique modern vintage watch designs and the Relic brand continues this tradition.

Relic watches feature the unique designs of Fossil watches for an affordable price.

When Fossil, Inc. was founded in 1984 by Tom Kartsotis, it introduced watches that blended 1950's Americana art with current fashion trends to create a fashion statement for all occasions.

The first Fossil watches were collectibles and fashion jewelry at a reasonable price for fine jewelry.

However, as Fossil grew to include many casual and dressy watches, the company saw a need for a more affordable watch line.

The Relic brand emerged in 1990 as a more affordable alternative to Fossil and followed the same fashion theme of modern vintage.

Many people do not even realize that Fossil owns Relic because the Relic name appears on the watch face.

Relic may be inspired by Fossil design but the brand achieves its own look and fashion statement.

The Relic watch by Fossil follows the same quality standards of its parent, Fossil.

There are many Fossil discontinued watches available.

Fossil Watches are known the world over for their wide range of watches and are popular with both men and ladies.

One of their most defining ranges is the Fossil Limited Edition range.

For instance, there are many Fossil Limited Edition character watches and these are highly prized, both by collectors of Fossil watches, as well as collectors of memorabilia.

The fast moving nature of the Fossil Watch range means that discontinued watches are readily available.

While there are some models which are extremely sought after and difficult to get hold of, many other discontinued watches can be bought from Fossil outlet centers as well as from a wide number of websites.

Discontinued Fossil watches are often offered for sale as 'new old stock' or NOS.

This is stock that has never been sold and is still in its original packaging, yet is no longer part of the current Fossil range.

This can be a great way to buy a discontinued Fossil watch, however buyers should check the warranty conditions.

Fossil outlet centers are a good place to find end of line and soon to be discontinued Fossil watches.

There are a number of benefits of buying discontinued Fossil watches from these outlet centers.

One of the main ones being that they are part of the Fossil company and the watch provenance is known.

One popular source of Fossil discontinued watches is online auction websites such as eBay.

In addition to the watch itself, many Fossil watches have collectible accessories such as presentation tins and Fossil watch bands.

Discontinued Fossil watches can be a great buy.

The Fossil watch repair warranty ensures that Fossil watches can be reliably repaired in the case of something going wrong.

Fossil watches are a popular brand and are known the world over.

Knowing how to approach the different problems that you might experience with your watch will help to ensure that your Fossil watch gives many years of reliable service.

Fossil watches come with an 11 year manufacturer's warranty.

This means that as long as you look after a Fossil watch properly, Fossil will repair or replace the watch during the first 11 years should anything go wrong.

It is also important to note that the warranty does not cover repairs if the watch was not purchased from an authorized Fossil retailer.

If a Fossil watch strap requires enlarging, then extra links can be purchased from Fossil.

Replacement watch bands can be purchased through Fossil and replaced at home, however many people prefer to use a jeweler specializing in watch repair.

The replacement of a watch battery can be an easy and straightforward task on a Fossil watch, however this does depend on the model.

Before deciding whether you want to undertake this Fossil watch repair yourself, it is best to consult the manual for more information which is specific to the model of your watch.

While Fossil watches should be regularly checked for damage and given a surface clean, it is important not to undertake any repairs that may make the warranty invalid.

Full information about the Fossil warranty and watch repair requirements can be found on the Fossil website.

The 11 year manufacturer's warranty that is provided on all Fossil watches should give Fossil watch owners peace of mind.

Make sure you read the warranty and the watch manual carefully and this should ensure that your Fossil watch gives you many years of reliable service.

Modern versions have been made by companies such as Fossil and Colibri.

Even if your tween doesn't want to wear a watch, he may sit up and take notice if you mention a label such as Fossil or Marc Jacobs.

Discounted Fossil watches can save you hard-earned bucks, so it only makes sense to get the best deal possible.

However, keep in mind that Fossil is one of the more popular watch brands and as such there will be many fakes on the market.

A fake Fossil at a huge discount is really no bargain at all.

The first rule of thumb when hunting for a Fossil watch or any other designer watch brand is that if the price seems too good to be true, then you are probably dealing with a fake or stolen watch.

Even if the watch turns out to be real, remember that a watch that is not purchased through an authorized Fossil retailer will not be warrantied.

Luckily, the Fossil website offers a store locator tool to help you find authorized Fossil stores in your area.

Fossil releases new watches about five times a year.

While you may not find a new Fossil watch at a deep discount, you can save around 25 percent during seasonal sales at authorized jewelers.

The Fossil website also offers a sale area.

If purchasing from an antique store or pawn shop, ask about the person's experience with Fossil watches.

If you simply must have this season's newest Fossil watch, then you can still get discounted Fossil watches with a little determination and creativity.

In addition to putting a little extra money in your purse, you can also feel good about helping to lessen the impact of fossil fuels on the planet.

As gas prices continue to climb and public concern with the effects of fossil fuels grows, automotive manufacturers increasingly look for alternatives to gasoline and diesel.

It may be added that fossil remains of the African elephant have been obtained from Spain, Sicily, Algeria and Egypt, in strata of the Pleistocene age.

All are built in the Doric style, of the local porous stone, which is of a warm red brown colour, full of fossil shells and easily corroded when exposed to the air.

It is also interesting to note that fossil remains indicate the former occurrence of thylacines and Tasmanian devils on the Australian mainland.

The occurrence in the Santa Cruz beds of Patagonia of fossil marsupials allied to the living Caenolestes has been mentioned above.

The valley between Incisa and Arezzo contains accumulations of fossil bones of the deer, elephant, rhinoceros, mastodon, hippopotamus, bear, tiger, and more.

The fossil shells, pottery and rude stone implements, found alike at the base and at the surface of these middens, prove that the habits of the islanders have not varied since a remote past, and lead to the belief that the Andamans were settled by their present inhabitants some time during the Pleistocene period, and certainly no later than the Neolithic age.

The discovery of a single fossil creature in a geological stratum of a wrong period, the detection of a single anatomical or physiological fact irreconcilable with origin by descent with modification, would have been destructive of the theory and would have made the reputation of the observer.

Allingite, a fossil resin allied to succinite, from Switzerland.

These bodies had long been known as "fossil fir cones" and "bezoar stones."

In this article (A) the general anatomy of birds is discussed, (B) fossil birds, (c) the geographical distribution.

Fossil Birds Much had naturally been expected from the study of fossil birds, but, so far as the making of classifications is concerned, they have proved rather a source of perplexities.

Struthio in Africa and Arabia, fossil also in the Sivalik Hills, and Aepyornithidae in Madagascar; Pittzdae, Bucerotinae and Upupinae, of which Upupa itself in India, Madagascar and Africa; Coraciidae; Pycnonotidae or bulbuls; Trogonidae, of which the Asiatic genera are the less specialized in opposition to the Neotropical forms; Vulturidae; Leptoptilus, Anastomus and Ciconia among the storks; Pteroclidae; Treroninae among pigeons.

It is now, in fact, generally admitted that metamorphosis has been acquired comparatively recently, and Scudder in his review of the earliest fossil insects states that " their metamorphoses were simple and incomplete, the young leaving the egg with the form of the parent, but without wings, the assumption of which required no quiescent stage before maturity."

We have undoubted fossil evidence that winged insects lived in the Devonian and became numerous in the Carboniferous period.

This order can be traced with certainty back to the early Jurassic epoch, while the Permian fossil Eugereon, and the living order - specially modified in many respects - of the Thysanoptera indicate steps by which the aberrant suctorial and piercing mouth of the Hemiptera may have been developed from the biting mouth of primitive Isopteroids, by the elongation of some parts and the suppression of others.

The skull and sternum were at the time unknown, and indeed the whole order, without doubt entirely extinct, rested exclusively on the celebrated fossil, then unique, Archaeopteryx.

A large proportion of the fossil remains, the determination and description of which was his object, were what are very commonly called the " long bones," that is to say, those of the limbs.

Unfortunately none of these, however, can be compared for singularity with Archaeopteryx or with some American fossil forms next to be noticed, for their particular It is true that from the time of Buffon, though he scorned any regular classification, geographical distribution had been occasionally held to have something to do with systematic arrangement; but the way in which the two were related was never clearly put forth, though people who could read between the lines might have guessed the secret from Darwin's Journal of Researches, as well as from his introduction to the Zoology of the " Beagle" Voyage.

During recent years the study of fossil insects (palaeoentomology) has attracted much attention.

In North America about thirty species and twice as many geographic races (subspecies) are known, and the occurrence of several distinct fossil forms shows that the genus has long been established.

After copies of such reliefs have been taken in gypsum, cement, statuary pasteboard, fossil dust mixed with vegetable oil, or some other suitable material, they are painted.

As proved by the discovery of fossil remains, musk-oxen ranged during the Pleistocene period over northern Siberia and the plains of Germany and France, their bones occurring in river-deposits along with those of the reindeer, mammoth, and woolly rhinoceros.

Ephemeridae belong to a very ancient type of insects, and fossil imprints of allied forms occur even in the Devonian and Carboniferous formations.

These new structures would rest uncomfortably upon eroded formations and this, Wayland Vaughan points out, is what we actually observe in the case of living and fossil coral reefs.

In a later scheme based on our increased knowledge of fossil forms, the Brachiopoda are divided into four primary groups (orders).

A full bibliography of Brachiopoda (recent and fossil) is to be found in Davidson's Monograph of British Fossil Brachiopods, Pal.

Do we know in the recent or fossil condition any such primitive Arachnids ?

The Anomomeristic Arachnida form a single sub-class, of which only imperfect fossil remains are known.

Fossil scorpions of the modern type are found in the Coal Measures.

Fossil forms occur in the Carboniferous.

No noteworthy fossil spiders are known; the best-preserved are in amber of Oligocene age.

Zittel, American edition of his Palaeontology (the Macmillan Co., New York), where ample references to the literature of Trilobitae and Eurypteridae will be found; also references to literature of fossil Scorpions and Spiders; 23.

Fossil reptilian remains, chiefly Dicynodon, are abundant.

In it various fossil mammalian remains have been found.

Between Linnaeus and Cuvier there are no very great names; but under the stimulus given by the admirable method and system of Linnaeus observation and description of new forms from all parts of the world, both recent and fossil, accumulated.

Another special distinction of Cuvier is his remarkable work in comparing extinct with recent organisms, his descriptions of the fossil Mammalia of the Paris basin, and his general application of the knowledge of recent animals to the reconstruction of extinct ones, as indicated by fragments only of their skeletons.

The overlying sandstones afford good building stones, and frequently, as at Vereeniging, yield many fossil plants.

Amber is extracted by Kachins in the Hukawng valley beyond the administrative border, but the quality of the fossil resin is not very good.

Fossil species of Dolichotis occur in the caverns of Brazil, and also in the superficial deposits of Argentina.

The scope of the archaeologist's studies must include every department of the ancient history of man as preserved in antiquities of whatever character, be they tumuli along the Baltic, fossil skulls and graven bones from the caves of France, the flint implements, pottery, and mummies of Egypt, tablets and bas-reliefs from Mesopotamia, coins and sculptures of Greece and Rome, or inscriptions, waxen tablets, parchment rolls, and papyri of a relatively late period of classical antiquity.

The Heteroptera can be traced back farther than any other winged insects if the fossil Protocimex silurica Moberg, from the Ordovician slates of Sweden is rightly regarded as the wing of a bug.

Eugereon is a remarkable Permian fossil, with jaws that are typically hemipterous except that the second maxillae are not fused and with cockroach-like wings.

Here may be mentioned the gigantic fossil deer commonly known as the Irish elk, which is perhaps a giant type of fallow-deer, and if so should be known as Cervus (Dama) giganteus.

In the Old World a large number of fossil forms are known, of which the earliest is the Egyptian Eocene Geniohyus.

The Texas Cretaceous is notably rich in the fossil remains of an invertebrate fauna and in the vicinity of Waco Cretaceous fossils of vertebrates have been obtained.

Fossil remains of saurians of gigantic size have been found; one thigh bone measures 6 ft.

Fossil remains of beavers are found in the peat and other superficial deposits of England and the continent of Europe; while in the Pleistocene formations of England and Siberia occur remains of a giant extinct beaver, Trogontherium cuvieri, representing a genus by itself.

Elsewhere in the United States fossilized bones, crania of a low order, association of human remains with those of fossil animals are not necessarily evidence of vast antiquity.

Judging from the abundant fossil remains of trees, the island must have been thickly clothed with woods and other vegetation of which it has no doubt been denuded by volcanic action and submergence, and possibly by changes of climate.

Buried in this clay-marl are found large deposits of the fossil resin which becomes the kauri gum of commerce; and on the surface extensive forests are still a great though diminishing source of wealth.

Fossil remains of mammals, fish and reptiles found in the Tertiary deposits of south-western Montana are preserved in the Carnegie Museum at Pittsburg, Pennsylvania, and in the museum of the university of Montana.

Interesting fossil remains have also been found in Carboniferous formations in the south-west of the state.

Its north-east portion consists of Upper Silurian coral limestones (Llandovery division), containing a rich fossil fauna and representing a series of folds running north-northwest.

The western portion of Kotelnyi is built up of Middle Devonian limestones and slates, folded the same way, of which the fossil fauna is similar to that of the Urals.

Along the southern coast of Bolshoy Baron Toll found immense layers of fossil ice, 70 ft.

Cathedral Park in the southern portion, Spearfish Canon in the north, and the extensive fossil forest at the foot of Mattie's Peak are noteworthy; while the Crystal Cave, near Piedmont, and the Wind Cave, near Hot Springs, are almost unrivalled.

Early in life he published observations on the Tertiary and Post-Tertiary deposits in the Thames valley, and on fossil plants and various invertebrata, in the Magazine of Natural History, the Annals of Nat.

At Sheppey it is rich in various kinds of fossil fish and shells.

Dawson and Leo Lesquereux, and others who reported on the Canadian and American fossil plants.

The most notable fact in the geological history of the archipelago is the discovery in Java of the fossil remains of Pithecanthropus erectus, a form intermediate between the higher apes and man.

Fossil remains of extinct bears first occur in strata of the Pliocene age.

The earliest account of these birds is that of Polack (New Zealand, London, 1838), who speaks of the former existence of some struthious birds in the north island as proved by fossil bones which were shown to him.

Unfortunately no fossil moas, older than the Pleiocene, are known.

Besides those already mentioned, his works include An Outline of the First Principles of Horticulture (1832), An Outline of the Structure and Physiology of Plants (1832), A Natural System of Botany (1836), The Fossil Flora of Great Britain (with William Hutton, 1831-1837), Flora Medica (1838), Theory of Horticulture (1840), The Vegetable Kingdom (1846), Folia Orchidacea (1852), Descriptive Botany (1858).

Fossil bones and teeth, indistinguishable from those of existing leopards, have been found in cave-deposits of Pleistocene age in Spain, France, Germany and England.

In order to illustrate the grateful services which palaeontology through restoration may render to the related earth sciences let us imagine a vast continent of the past wholly unknown in its physical features, elevation, climate, configuration, but richly represented by fossil remains.

All the fossil plants and animals of every kind are brought from this continent into a great museum; the latitude, longitude and relative elevation of each specimen are precisely recorded; a corps of investigators, having the most exact and thorough training in zoology and botany, and gifted with imagination, will soon begin to restore the geographic and physiographic outlines of the continent, its fresh, brackish and salt-water confines, its seas, rivers and lakes, its forests, uplands, plains, meadows and swamps, also to a certain extent the cosmic relations of this continent, the amount and duration of its sunshine, as well as something of the chemical constitution of its atmosphere and the waters of its rivers and seas; they will trace the progressive changes which took place in the outlines of the continent and its surrounding oceans, following the invasion§ of the land by the sea and the re-emergence of the land and retreatal of the seashore; they will outline the shoals and deeps of its border seas, and trace the barriers which prevented intermingling of the inhabitants of the various provinces of the continent and the surrounding seas.

Successive observers in Italy, notably Fracastoro (1483-1553), Fabio Colonna (1567-1640 or 1650) and Nicolaus Steno (1638 - c. 1687), a Danish anatomist, professor in Padua, advanced the still embryonic science and set forth the principle of comparison of fossil with living forms. Near the end of the 17th century Martin Lister (1638-1712), examining the Mesozoic shell types of England, recognized the great similarity as well as the differences between these and modern species, and insisted on the need of close comparison of fossil and living shells, yet he clung to the old view that fossils were sports of nature.

In England Robert Hooke (1635-1703) held to the theory of extinction of fossil forms, and advanced the two most fertile ideas of deriving from fossils a chronology, or series of time intervals in the earth's history, and of primary changes of climate, to account for the former existence of tropical species in England.

The Italian geologist Soldani distinguished (1758) between the fossil fauna of the deep sea and of the shore-lines.

These works swept aside the dry traditional fossil lore which had been accumulating in France and Germany.

It should be borne in mind, first, that wherever a new animal suddenly appears or a new character suddenly arises in a fossil horizon we must consider whether such appearance may be due to the non-discovery of transitional links with older forms, or to the sudden invasion of a new type or new organ which has gradually evolved elsewhere.

Hernandez and Acosta shared the opinion of their time that the great fossil bones .found in Mexico were remains of giants, and that, as before the deluge there were giants on the earth, therefore Mexico was peopled from the Old World in antediluvian times.

The short-horned Asiatic goats of the genus Hemitragus receive mention in the article Tahr; but it may be added that fossil species of the same genus are known from the Lower Pliocene formations of India, which have also yielded remains of a goat allied to the markhor of the Himalayas.

This knob or ridge may be appropriately regarded as an ancient physiographic fossil, inasmuch as, being a monadnock of very remote origin, it has long been preserved from the destructive attack of the weather by burial under sea-floor deposits, and recently laid bare, like ordinary organic fossils of much smaller size, by the removal of part of its cover by normal erosion.

The Upper Barren Coal Measures of some parts of the east (Ohio, Pennsylvania, &c.) are now classed as Permian on the basis of their fossil plants.

The fossil group Palaeoconcha is connected with the Protobranchia through the Solenomyidae.

Atnina; fossil and recent, from Carboniferous to present day.

Fossil Neuroptera occur in the Lias and even in the Trias if the relationships of certain larvae have been correctly surmised.

Fossil Trichoptera occur in rocks of Liassic age.

His brother Guido Sandberger (1821-1869) was an authority on fossil cephalopoda, and together they published Die Versteinerungen des rheinischen Schichtensystems in Nassau (1850-1856).

The single species is from Tasmania, though it has been found fossil in New South Wales; it is somewhat similar in size and appearance to the English water-rat, but has longer and softer fur.

Amber (q.v.) is a fossil resin.

Fossil corals fix the geological age of the rock.

The fossil remains of three species have been described by Professor Marsh - one from the Miocene of Colorado, and two, one much taller and the other smaller than the existing species, from the post-Pliocene of New Jersey.

Fossil remains of a true 1 It has been said to occur occasionally in Europe (Greece and southern Russia).

In many parts of the world there is no sharp line of demarcation between the Devonian and the Carboniferous rocks; neither can the fossil faunas and floras be clearly separated at any well-defined line; this is true in Britain, Belgium, Russia, Westphalia and parts of North America.

Again, at the summit of the Carboniferous series, both the rocks and their fossil contents merge gradually into those of the succeeding Permian system, as in Russia, Bohemia, the Saar region and Texas.

The fossil plants connect this group with the coal-measures; the marine fossils have, to some extent, a Carboniferous limestone aspect.

In subdividing the strata of the Carboniferous system and correlating the major divisions in different areas, just as in other great systems, use has to be made of the fossil contents of the rocks; stratigraphical units, based on lithology, are useless for this purpose.

The fossil plants which are found in the upper beds of the preceding Devonian system are so closely related to those in the Lower Carboniferous, that from a palaeobotanical standpoint the two form one indivisible period.