Fines Sentence Examples

The public revenues are derived from customs taxes and charges on imports and exports, transit taxes, cattle taxes, profits on coinage, receipts from state monopolies, receipts from various public services such as the post office, telegraph, Caracas waterworks, &c., and sundr y taxes, fines and other sources.

At the beginning of his reign he ordered a recast of the coinage, with serious results to commerce; civil officials were deprived of offices, which had been conferred free, but were now put up to auction; duties were imposed on exported merchandise and on goods brought into Paris; the practice of exacting heavy fines was encouraged by making the salaries of the magistrates dependent on them; and on the pretext of a crusade to free Armenia from the Turks, Charles obtained from the pope a tithe levied on the clergy, the proceeds of which he kept for his own use; he also confiscated the property of the Lombard bankers who had been invited to France by his father at a time of financial crisis.

In some states it has become necessary to provide for fines and even imprisonment of men disobeying the regulations regarding explosives.

Originally intended as assistants to the tribunes, they exercised certain police functions, were empowered to inflict fines and managed the plebeian and Roman games.

Practically the entire code of 7Ethelberht, for instance, is a tariff of fines for crimes, and the same subject continues to occupy a great place in the laws of Hlothhere and Eadric, Ine and Alfred, whereas it appears only occasionally in the treaties with the Danes, the laws of Withraed, Edward the Elder, lEthelstan, Edgar, Edmund and Ethelred.

Already in ZEthelberht's legislation we find characteristic fines inflicted for breach of the peace of householders of different ranks - the ceorl, the eorl, and the king himself appearing as the most exalted among them.

The gild brothers associated in mutual defence and support, and they had to share in the payment of fines.

The scale of judicial fines is given in the denarius (" which makes so many solidi"), and it is known that the monetary system of the solidus did not appear until the Merovingian period.

In 1358 the parte Guelfa made these enactments still more stringent, punishing with death or heavy fines all who being Ghibellines held office, and provided that if trustworthy witnesses were forthcoming condemnations might be passed for this offence without hearing the accused; even a non-proved charge or an ammonizione (warning not to accept office) might entail disfranchisement.

The penalties in the canon law included, in addition to restitution, penance, fines and excommunication; and right of asylum was denied to the culprit.

Prayers for the dead, attendance at funerals of gildsmen, periodical banquets, the solemn entrance oath, fines for neglect of duty and for improper conduct, contributions to a common purse, mutual assistance in distress, periodical meetings in the gildhall, - in short, all the characteristic features of the later gilds already appear in the statutes of these Anglo-Saxon fraternities.

Money for common purposes was raised from time to time, as necessity demanded, by the imposition on Hanse merchandise of poundage dues, introduced in 1361, while the counters relied upon a small levy of like nature and upon fines to meet current needs.

The fifteen penal laws which this emperor issued in as many years deprived them of all right to the exercise of their religion, "excluded them from all civil offices, and threatened them with fines, confiscation, banishment and even in some cases with death."

In the exercise of its duty as the protector of the laws it must have had power to inhibit in the Four Hundred, or in the Ecclesia, a measure which it judged unconstitutional or in any way prejudicial to the state, and in the levy of fines for violation of law or moral usage it remained irresponsible.

A code of laws issued by him which is still extant is probably the oldest document in the English language, and contains a list of money fines for various crimes.

Revenues for state purposes are derived from special taxes collected from the liquor traffic, corporations, transfers of decedents' estates, transfers of shares of stock, recording tax on mortgages, sales of products of state institutions, fees of public officers including fines and penalties, interest on deposits of state funds, refunds from department examinations and revenue from investments of trust funds, the most important of which are the common school fund and the United States deposit fund.

With the approval of the majority of a board of pardons (composed of the secretary of state, attorney-general and auditor), he may pardon offences or commute punishment, and remit fines and forfeitures.

The governor may remit fines and forfeitures, and grant reprieves, commutations and pardons, but in the more serious cases only on the recommendation of a board of pardons, composed of the presiding judge, the secretary of state, and the attorney-general.

The proceeds of the sale of public lands donated to the state for educational purposes, and all escheats to the state, constitute a trust fund, the interest from which, with the proceeds of all fines for the violation of state laws, is annually apportioned among the school districts according to the school population; the total apportionment from the State Tuition Fund in 1908 was $357,238.

The state's revenue is derived from a general direct property tax, a licence tax, corporation taxes, a collateral inheritance tax, fines, forfeitures and fees; and the penitentiary yields an annual net revenue of about $40,000.

The governor is commander-in-chief of the militia when it is not called into the service of the United States; he may remit fines and forfeitures, commute sentences, and grant reprieves and pardons, except in cases of impeachment; and he calls extraordinary sessions of the legislature.

He pointed out that people who do not pay fines or costs ordered by a court go to jail - there is no option.

In 1674 Mason offered to surrender his rights to the Crown in return for one-third of the customs, rents, fines, and other profits derived therefrom, but although the offer was at first favourably considered it was finally declined.

Another old explanation was that fines and taxes were at one time paid in figs, wine and oil, and those who collected such payments in kind were called sycophants because they "presented," publicly handed them over to the state.

We find it also in the compensations to which they were entitled for various injuries, in the fines to which they were liable, and in the value attached to their oaths.

Similar gradations occur in the compensations paid for various injuries and insults, in fines and, among some tribes, in the value attached to a man's oath.

The Zanes were bronze images of Zeus, the cost of making which was defrayed by the fines exacted from competitors who had infringed the rules of the contests at Olympia.

Coke published Institutes (1628), of which the first is also known as Coke upon Littleton; Reports (1600-1615), in thirteen parts; A Treatise of Bail and AI ainprize (1635); The Complete Copyholder (1630); A Reading on Fines and Recoveries (1684).

In some German states and communes certain dues (such as the dog tax in Saxony), death duties and particularly dues payable in respect of public entertainments and police court fines, are assigned to the poorrelief chest.

Polish newspapers were confiscated and their editors imprisoned, fines were imposed for holding Polish meetings, and peasants were forbidden to build houses on their own land.

He was then deprived of the temporalities of his office; but the Polish nobles continued to support him, and he continued to act as bishop. Heavy fines were imposed upon him, but he either could not or would not pay them, and in March 1874 he was condemned to imprisonment for two years, and dismissed from his bishopric. The bishop of Trier, the archbishop of Cologne, and other bishops soon incurred a similar fate.

He endeavoured to replenish the treasury not only by extreme economy, but by inflicting fines on a vast scale on persons who had held offices under his predecessor and others who had rendered themselves suspect.

The king " lived on his own," on rent of crown lands, feudal fines and aids, wardships, marriages, and the revenues of vacant bishoprics.

Middleton, with Archbishop Sharp, misgoverned the country, established a high court of commission, exiled the fiercest preachers to Holland, whence they worked endless mischief by agitation and a war of pamphlets; irritated the Covenanting shires, Fife and the south-west, by quartering troops on them to exact fines for Nonconformity, and so caused, during a war with Holland, the Pentland Rising (November 1666).

Of course there is in most cases the alternative of a fine, the non-payment of which entails the imprisonment; yet a penalty imposed on the pocket is so clearly the proper retribution for such misdeeds that better methods should be devised for the collection of fines.

The Summary Jurisdiction Acts, by which large numbers of minor offenders were discharged on bail, or subjected to fines or very brief terms of imprisonment, have also tended to diminish the prison population enormously.

The explanation is even more characteristic than the custom itself, because fines on marriage may be levied and were actually levied from people of different condition, from the free as well as from the serf.

The peasant got rid of a hateful drudgery which not only took up his time and means in an unprofitable manner, but placed him under the rough control and the arbitrary discipline of stewards or reeves and gave occasion to all sorts of fines and extortions.

He has the power to veto bills, to pardon, to grant reprieves and commutations, and to remit fines and forfeitures, but the Board of Charities and Reform constitutes a Board of Pardons for investigating all applications for executive clemency and advising the governor with respect to them.

He had obtained a grant of D1200 from the fines imposed on Catesby, one of the conspirators, but his debts were sufficient to swallow up this and much more.

Shaft calcining furnaces like the Gerstenhoffer, Hasenclever, and others designed for burning pyrites fines have not found favour in modern copper works.

There is also a kind of irregular revenue derived from public requisitions presents, fines, confiscations, &c., nowadays not producing much, The land tax, which varies according to localities, is paid in money and kind, and should amount on an average to about 25% of the yield of the soil.

In the civil wars of the 1st century B.C. the Ephesians twice supported the unsuccessful party, giving shelter to, or being made use of by, first, Brutus and Cassius, and afterwards Antony, for which partisanship or weakness they paid very heavily in fines.

His son Edmund earl of Cornwall in 1275 granted to the burgesses for a yearly rent of r8 (sold by William to Lord Somers) the borough in fee farm with its mills, tolls, fines and pleas, pleas of the crown excepted.

Strengthened by this success the king, on his return to Paris in the following January, exacted vengeance on the citizens by fines, executions and the suppression of the privileges of the city.

In all processes the silver ore is finely crushed, usually by rolls, as, because making few fines, they leave the ore in the best condition for leaching.

In July 1603 the fines for recusancy were remitted.

On the 22nd of February 1604 a proclamation was issued banishing priests; on the 28th of November 1604, recusancy fines were demanded from 13 wealthy persons, and on the 10th of February 1605 the penal laws were ordered to be executed.

In the case of disqualification by absence, the same fines are payable as upon non-acceptance of office, and the same liability arises on resignation.

It is stated that he first ingratiated himself with the people by his liberal conduct when Polemarch, in which capacity he had to exact the fines imposed by the law.

These laws, enforced by fines often arbitrary and excessive, were a great grievance to the unfortunate owners of land within or 1 Manwood's Treatise of the Forest Laws (4th edition, 1717).

In either case it was an offence punishable by fines at discretion.

Of the other rebels some were deprived of their English estates altogether, athers restored to part of them after paying crushing fines.

The king replied by harrying him on charges of having failed in his feudal obligation to provide well-equipped knights for a Welsh expedition, and imposed ruinous fines on him.

Their allies fared less well; the rebel earls were subjected to heavy fines, and their strongholds were demolished.

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Those workmen who refused to accept them were to be imprisoned, while employers who went behind the backs of their fellows and secretly paid higher sums were to be punished by heavy fines.

He declared that all pardons issued since 1387 were invalid, and imposed heavy fines on persons, and even on whole shires, that had given the lords appellant aid.

Another device of Edward for filling his exchequer was a very stringent enforcement of justice; small infractions of the laws being made the excuse for exorbitant fines.

The Roman road of Watling Street crossed the Cheviots at Brownhartlaw (1664 ft.), close to the camp of Ad Fines, by means of which the warlike Brigantes on the south and the Gadeni and Otadeni on the north were held in check, while another Roman road, the Wheel Causeway, passed into Scotland near the headwaters of the North Tyne and Liddel.

The appointment was not only one of the most important in this quarter of the kingdom, but lucrative as well, part of the fines and forfeits falling to the warden, who was also entitled to ration and forage for his retinue.

Retaliation for murder and other injuries was a common method of redress, although the church had endeavoured to introduce various reforms. Hence we find in the Brehon Laws a highly complicated system of compensatory payment; but there was no authority except public opinion to enforce the payment of the fines determined by the brehon in cases submitted to him.

Crimes committed at an oenach could not be commuted by payment of fines.

They became petty local tyrants, all the more despotic because they had nothing to fear save the distant authority of the kings missi, and the more rapacious because they had no salary save the fines they inflicted and the fees that they contrived to multiply.

In January 1652, for printing and publishing a petition against Sir Arthur Hesilrige and the Haberdashers' Hall for what he conceived to have been an injury done to his uncle George Lilburne in 1649, he was sentenced to pay fines amounting to 7000, and to be banished the Commonwealth, with prohibition of return under the pain of death.

Among those of New Haven are the prohibition of trial by jury, the infliction of the death penalty for adultery, and of the same penalty for conspiracy against the jurisdiction, the strict observance of the Sabbath enjoined, and heavy fines for " concealing or entertaining Quaker or other blasphemous hereticks."

A homestead of a head of a family to the value of $1000 is exempt from forced sale except for the collection of taxes, debts contracted for its purchase or in making improvements upon it, or fines for voting out of the election district, for carrying concealed weapons, or for giving away or selling intoxicating liquors on election days.

The state revenue is derived from a general property tax, a poll tax, an income tax, a tax on transfers of realty, an ad valorem tax on the average capital invested by merchants in their business, a privilege tax on merchants and many other occupations and businesses; a tax on litigation, levied on the unsuccessful party, a collateral inheritance tax, and fines and forfeitures.

Parking attendants operate to ensure vehicles are parked legally or to issue parking fines.

If the allegations regarding this alleged cartel are proved, it is expected that substantial fines and possibly custodial sentences will be imposed.

I envisage one where low risk offenders get conditional cautions or fines.

Drivers are already furious at the rising number of speed camera fines which are boosting police coffers.

That means the possibility of significant fines or even custodial sentences for company directors.

Back to top F Fines Charges for keeping items past their due date.

The remaining defendants received similar fines and prison sentences of between one and four years.

The lack of graffiti or litter was due to heavy fines rigorously enforced.

Individuals who defy the legislation face on-the-spot fines of £ 50.

The towpath is closed and hefty fines will be levied against anyone breaching the restrictions.

There are heavy fines imposed on anyone that takes certain species from this site.

Police are planning a major blitz on drivers ignoring a day-time traffic ban and will be issuing fixed penalty fines.

Enforcement of fines imposed and recognizances forfeited by Crown Court.

British road hauliers should be aware that French authorities are imposing fines on hauliers who have differing sets of documents aboard the vehicle.

Fines for road haulage offenses are too low, and should be raised significantly, with revenue hypothecated back into enforcement resources.

It will be unlawful for a union to pay their fines or otherwise indemnify them 18.

Fines are paid on the spot, usually after the driver has pleaded innocence and tried to knock down the cost of the fine.

If we say " No ", we become lawbreakers and subject to fines - which we agree are morally allowable.

There were concerns about the low level of fines imposed by magistrates ' courts.

Fines will be charged at a the current rate for any material which becomes overdue.

Fines for successful prosecutions are often paltry, but have been as high £ 101,000.

The single sized nature of the sub-base required in a pervious pavement requires a low fines content.

The porous paving can be materials such as gravel, grasscrete, porous (no fines) concrete blocks or porous asphalt.

Fines are reduced in cases where guilty pleas are entered.

There was also a Reeve and Bailiffs, who organized the estate for the lord and collected rents, taxes and fines.

The outstanding fines and emoluments shall prescribe five years after the sentence becomes res judicata.

The point is that broadcasters are controlled by statute with the threat of fines and license revocation but they still make mistakes.

The construction industry is back in the spotlight again with significant fines imposed on over 350 companies engaged in bid rigging.

During the avalanches, particles of different sizes often segregate out into inversely graded layers with the large grains on top of the fines.

The two have refused to pay fines imposed after they held a sit-in at the Lancashire County Council's offices in Preston.

Secondly, we need higher fines, heavier license endorsements and bans for persistent speeders.

He improved the incomes of poor livings by revenues derived from episcopal estates and the fines of delinquents.An important feature of his church government was the appointment on the 20th of March 1654 of the "Triers," thirty-eight clerical and lay commissioners, who decided upon the qualifications of candidates for livings, and without whose recommendation none could be appointed; while an ordinance of August 1654 provided for the removal of the unfit, the latter class including besides immoral persons those holding "popish" or blasphemous opinions, those publicly using the English Prayer Book, and the disaffected to the government.

Leroy-Beaulieu,' the fines inflicted by the court were commonly paid in vodka, which was consumed on the premises by the judges and the parties to the suit; there is no reason to suppose that this amiable custom has been abandoned.

Reginald de Mohun granted the first charter between 1245 and 1247, which diminished fines and tolls, limited the lord's "mercy," and provided that the burgesses should not against their will 1 The date of Dunstan's birth here given is that given in the Anglo-Saxon chronicle and hitherto accepted.

For his conduct in signing the advertisement soliciting subscriptions for the relief of the relatives of the Americans " murdered by the king's troops at Lexington and Concord," he was tried at the Guildhall on the 4th of July 1777, before Lord Mansfield, found guilty, and committed to the King's Bench prison in St George's Fields, from which he only emerged after a year's durance, and after a loss in fines and costs amounting to X1 200.

The Domesday survey of Lincolnshire, Nottinghamshire, Yorkshire, Norfolk, &c., shows remarkable deviations in local organization and justice (lagmen, sokes), and great peculiarities as to status (socmen, freemen), while from laws and a few charters we can perceive some influence on criminal law (nidingsvaerk), special usages as to fines (lahslit), the keeping of peace, attestation and sureties of acts (faestermen), &c. But, on the whole, the introduction of Danish and Norse elements,apart from local cases, was more important owing to the conflicts and compromises it called forth and its social results, than on account of any distinct trail of Scandinavian views in English law.

The Salic Law is pre-eminently a penal code, which shows the amount of the fines for various offences and crimes, and contains, besides, some civil law enactments, such as the famous chapter on succession to private property (de alode), which declares that daughters cannot inherit land.

Just as many of the punishments enjoined by the Roman criminal code were gradually commuted by medieval legislators for pecuniary fines, so the years or months of fasting enjoined by the earlier ecclesiastical codes were commuted for proportionate fines, the recitation of a certain number of psalms, and the like.

We have California DUI statistics; bail amounts, the range of fines, restitution amounts, penalty assessments, jail time and more !

Nor is it so scandalous that revenue from motoring fines swells police and Treasury coffers.

The two have refused to pay fines imposed after they held a sit-in at the Lancashire County Council 's offices in Preston.

He superintended the works, collected debts and fines, and submitted an account of his administration to the general assembly.

Slapping fines on teenagers swigging cider in the local park might play well with ' disgusted of Tunbridge Wells '.

It later transpired that the men 's fines had been paid, allowing for their release from prison.

Fines for the first offense can be up to $ 3000 for each employed undocumented immigrant.

Fraudsters run the risk of heavy fines as well as up to ten or twenty years in prison.

Most companies will ensure your rights are maintained since the fines for not doing so are significant.

They also risk being hit with stiff fines and/or the possible loss of their driver's license.

The Mississippi High School Activities Association is also in charge of overseeing suspension of players and coaches from the game, collecting fines for unsportsmanlike conduct and even removal of teams from the association.

Red wine that is opened and enjoyed during the reception might stain clothing, linens, or carpeting, which could lead to extra cleaning charges or even fines from the caterer or venue.

If convicted, he faces up to one year in county jail plus fines.

He also faces hefty fines and the loss of his driver's license.

He was sentenced to two years in prison and hundreds of thousands of dollars in fines.

Responsible owners with loving pets are forced to surrender their Rottweilers or face fines or other charges.

The bill calls for retailers to be assessed fines of $1000 any time they are found selling violent games to minors.

Those who sell to minors can be punished with fines ranging from $5,000 to $40,000 or up to 93 days in jail.

These include Daniel Bouju Fines Saveurs (about $40) and Raymond Dudognon Vielles Reserve (about $70).

Even the slightest breach can result in hefty fines that will ruin the best planned trip.

In Canada, you can face some stiff penalties and fines if you are found using a cell phone while driving a car in Vancouver.

Ireland has among the highest fines for cell phone usage with the first offence warranting a 435 Euro fine, three months in jail, and a six month driving ban.

Most state laws impose fines or jail terms on parents of truants.

Right-clicking on an image that is not free to reproduce it is against the law, and can lead to fines or even jail time.

The library is free, unless you forget to return your book, and then you have to pay fines.

Keep in mind that many states issue fines or even jail time for indecent exposure for wearing an extreme style bikini.

Any outstanding fees or fines are your responsibility not the charity's.

Anyone downloading copyrighted movies illegally can be sued for fines ranging from $30,000 to $150,000 per download.

However, some libraries charge a small rental fee or impose higher fines for overdue DVDs than for reading material.

There are extremely steep fines for such an occurrence which would be defined by the Federal Aviation Administration as a false alarm.

Employers that are found guilty of discriminatory practices can face substantial fines in court cases.

Operating a business without a Las Vegas City Business License and all required documents and inspections can lead to fines, or even to your business being shut down.

After extensive research, the Commission determined that these claims were false and the manufacturers were issued hefty fines.

In order to protect all drivers on the roads, anyone with a registered vehicle who does not have New York automobile coverage can lose his or her license and pay fines.

Most companies may forgive a minor infraction or two, but others impose hefty fines for any claim.

Despite bad press, most people did not want to fight the RIAA and risk the huge fines.

By only downloading music through proper channels, you can avoid fines and lawsuits.

Fines, and even jail time can result in illegal MP3 downloading.

Be careful that you do not go to any illegal websites to download your songs, though, as this could lead to some serious fines and legal trouble.

If you are caught downloading music illegally, the penalties can result in some very heavy fines.

Large fines and even jail time can result from being caught downloading music this way.

Infringements of those rights is punishable by large monetary fines and even imprisonment.

Failure to pay or the underpayment of FICA may subject employers and workers to fines and other penalties.

Failing to timely file a return may subject a taxpayer to fines.

To avoid these fines, the IRS permits taxpayers to request a six month extension.

Not including penalty fees in the remitted payment will result in the IRS considering the filing incomplete and sending a bill to the taxpayer for the remaining balance and any additional, unpaid fines.

Failing to comply with the terms of the payment plan may subject the taxpayer to additional fines.

Sometimes, a taxpayer can have these fines reduced or expunged, but only if they provide the IRS with evidence of a justifiable reason for failing to comply with its deadlines.

Failing to pay estimated taxes subjects the taxpayer to fines, but so does underestimating and underpaying taxes.

Additionally, taxpayers are subject to fines if their employer failed to withhold enough from their paycheck.

Punishment may take forms varying from capital punishment, flogging and mutilation of the body to imprisonment, fines, and even deferred sentences which come into operation only if an offence is repeated within a specified time.

The jobars superintend the execution of the laws, collect fines and administer capital punishment; they are in contact with the buluk-bashi, or resident representative of the tribe at Scutari, who forms the only link between the mountaineers and the Turkish government.

The acts imposing fines for recusancy, repealed in 1650, were later executed with great severity.

In practice Anglican private worship appears to have been little interfered with; and although the recusant fines were rigorously exacted, the same seems to have been the case with the private celebration of the mass.

He had aristocratic privileges and responsibilities, the right to exact retaliation for corporal injuries, and liability to heavier punishment for crimes and misdemeanours, higher fees and fines to pay.

He was free, but had to accept monetary compensation for corporal injuries, paid smaller fees and fines, even paid less offerings to the gods.

On the 12th of July 1871, Articles 268, 269 and 270 of the Italian Penal Code were so modified as to make ecclesiastics liable to imprisonment for periods varying from six months to five years, and to fines from 1000 to 3000 lire, for spoken or written attacks against the laws of the state, or for the fomentation of disorder.

The fines must only be imposed by the oath of honest men of the neighbourhood.

Gradually, however, doubtless by way of commutation of excommunication and of penance, temporal penalties were added, as scourging, banishment, seclusion in a monastery, fines.

There is little evidence of the imposition of fines as ecclesiastical penalties; but there are references to the practice in the epistles of St Gregory the Great, notably in his instructions to St Augustine.

The sovereigns saw that wealth was beginning to flow in to the new tribunals by means of fines and confiscations; and they obliged Torquemada to take as assessors five persons who would represent them in all matters affecting the royal prerogatives.

Fines were imposed by way of penance on those confessing willingly.

All fines collected under the penal laws, all escheats and 2% of the receipts of toll roads and bridges go into the school fund, which is invested in state and Federal securities and the interest apportioned among the counties according to their school population.

In 1907 there was a serious clash between the state authorities and the Federal judiciary, arising from an act of the legislature of that year which fixed the maximum railway fare at 21 cents a mile and imposed enormous fines for .its violation.

The two principal railway corporations, the Southern and the Seaboard Air Line, contended that the act was clearly contrary to the Eighth Amendment to the Constitution of the United States, which forbids the imposition of excessive fines.

The school revenues are derived from the sale and rental of public lands granted by Congress, and of the salt and swamp lands devoted by the state to such purposes, from a uniform levy of one mill on each dollar of taxable property in the state, from local levies (averaging 7.2 mills in township districts and 10.07 mills in separate districts in 1908), from certain fines and licences, and from tuition fees paid by non-resident pupils.

They present somewhat similar features with the Salic law, but often differ from it in the date of compilation, the amount of fines, the number and nature of the crimes, the number, rank, duties and titles of the officers, &c. For the Salic law and other Frankish laws, see Salic Law, and for the edict of Theodoric I., which was applicable to the Ostrogoths and Romans, see Roman Law.

Fines were laid upon ..all who entertained these people or were present at their meetings.

A clause was inserted to the effect that a certain sum should be annually set aside from fines to aid each province in emancipating slaves by purchase.

The supreme court is almost without exception a court of appeal with jurisdiction in cases involving at least $2000, in cases of divorce, in suits regarding adoption, legitimacy and custody of children and as regards the legality and constitutionality of taxes, fines, &c. The supreme court appoints courts of appeal to judge cases involving less than $2000.

They can impose fines for small offences not worth sending bef ore the inspector, and, in cases of high misdemeanour, have the power of inflicting corporal punishment.

He also retained a third of the fines which he imposed in his judicial capacity.

Further immunities and privileges were granted by James III.; and by a precept of 1482, known as the Golden Charter, he bestowed on the provost and magistrates the hereditary office of sheriff, with power to hold courts, to levy fines, and to impose duties on all merchandise landed at the port of Leith.

Thus his name is associated with the Fines and Recoveries Abolition Act 1833; the Inheritance Act 1833; the Dower Act 1833; the Real Property Limitation Act 1833; the Wills Act 1837; one of the Copyhold Tenure Acts 1841; and the Judgments Act 1838.

When then on July 21 Draskovic was murdered by a young Bosnian Communist, Parliament resolved on reprisals, and io days later passed by 190 to 54 laws of extraordinary severity for "the Defence of the State," terrorist agitation being made punishable by death, prolonged penal servitude or heavy fines.

Of the criminal law clauses, as many as 238 are taken up with tariffs of fines, while 80 treat of capital and corporal punishment, outlawry and confiscation, and to' include rules of procedure.

The system of "compositions" or fines, paid in many cases with the help of kinsmen, finds its natural place in the ancient, tribal period of English history and loses its vitality later on in consequence of the growth of central power and of the scattering of maegths.

The older law of real property, of succession, of contracts, the customary tariffs of fines, were mainly regulated by folk-right; the reeves employed by the king and great men were supposed to take care of local and rural affairs according to folk-right.

Thus a privileged land-tenure was createdbookland; the rules as to the succession of kinsmen were set at nought by concession of testamentary power and confirmations of grants and wills; special exemptions from the jurisdiction of the hundreds and special privileges as to levying fines were conferred.

The courts pronounced the alienation fines illegal.

Heavy fines made it impossible for preachers in poor circumstances to continue without claiming the protection of the Toleration Act, and the meeting-houses had to be registered as dissenting chapels.

Revenue was derived from customs duties, firstfruits, fines and confiscation of offenders' property, and a money offering called hdsind, presented on a great variety of occasions both to the sovereign in person and to her representatives; and these were supplemented by " benevolences " (in the medieval sense of the word) levied upon the people for occasional state necessities.