Fig Sentence Examples
The French artists still retain FIG ' 4.
Around the villages are extensive cultivated fields and orchards, containing fig, pomegranate and orange trees.
A transporter of the first class is shown in fig.
The arrangement at a station worked by relay on the " single-current " system is shown in fig.
This is illustrated by the four sketch maps shown in fig.
Various arrangements are adopted; the one indicated in fig.
Of SchOner we know that he produced four globes, three printed from segments (1515, 1523, 1 533), and p SCF12MER.S FIG.
The limbs are five-toed, with the third and fourth toes of the front pair armed with enormous digging claws; FIG.
The male next casts his cuticle, and by means of his spine bores FIG.
These methods are used in exceptional cases, but present the obvious difficulty of giving FIG.
AdvertisementBoth these medusae have sense-organs of a peculiar type, which are said to contain an endodermal axis like the sense-organs of Trachylinae, but the fact has recently been called in question for FIG.
This horizontal movement of the lower end of the back leg allows the whole arrangement to assume the position shown in fig.
Another type of fixed crane is the " Fairbairn " crane, shown in fig.
Here the jib, superstructure and post are all united in one piece, which revolves in a foundation well, being supported at the bottom by a toe-step and near the ground level by horizontal FIG.
With portable cranes means must be provided to ensure the requisite stability against overturning; this is done by weighting the tail of the revolving part with heavy weights, and in steam cranes the FIG.
AdvertisementIn connexion with the stability of portable cranes, it may be mentioned that accidents more often arise from FIG.
The hydraulic lifting cylinders are placed inside the revolving steel mast or post, and the cabin for the driver FIG.
One variation is illustrated in fig.
In the other class of transporter the load is not usually moved; FIG.
Between a shoulder, a, in the iron bolt and a shoulder in the porcelain cup, c, is placed an indiarubber ring, which forms a yielding washer and enables the cup to be screwed firmly to the bolt, while preventing FIG.
AdvertisementIn practice the resistances r, r' are 9 Earth FIG.
The tanks are nearly cylindrical in form and have a truncated cone fixed in the centre, as shown at C, fig.
A simple, but important, addition to enable the reading from the instrument to be effected by sound is shown in fig.
The arrangement on the " open-circuit " system for single-current working is shown in fig.
The connexions for single-current working on the " closed-circuit " system are shown in fig.
AdvertisementThe local 1_ E I battery B 1 then sends a current through the in FIG.
The Siemens polarized relay, shown in fig.
This form of relay is largely used, but in Great Britain it has been entirely .flisplaced by the form shown in fig.
If the positive is called the signalling current, the line will be charged positively each time a signal is sent; but as soon as the signal is completed a negative charge is communicated FIG.
The arrangement is shown in fig.
R 1 and R2 are relays for receiving the FIG.
In practice the number of segments actually employed is much greater than that indicated on the figure, and the segments are arranged in a number of groups, as shown by fig.
To each group is connected a set of apparatus; hence during a complete revolution of the arms a pair of instruments (at station A and station B) will be in communication four times, and the intervals during which any particular set of instruments at the two stations are not in connexion with each other become much smaller than in the case of fig.
The punches are arranged as shown in fig.
The arrangement of the apparatus for working some of the most recent cables is shown in Fig.
In conjunction with the above receiver he employed a transmitter, which consisted of a large induction or spark coil S having its spark balls placed a few millimetres apart; one of these balls was connected to an earth FIG.
He inserts in the primary circuit of the alternating FIG.
A radiator of this last class can be constructed by connecting inductively or directly FIG.
The secondary circuit of this transformer is cut in the middle and has a condenser inserted in it, and its ends are connected to the sensitive metallic filings tube or coherer as shown in fig.
It was soon found that it could only be used to advantage in this way when the total resistance of the circuit, exclusive of the microphone, was small compared with the resistance of the microphone - that is, on very short lines worked with FIG.
The transmitter on long and high resistance lines worked better by joining, in the manner shown in fig.
A cord circuit, similar in many respects, including the method .y.^9 Jr '' of operation, but equipped with condensers and impedance coils, in place of the repeating coil, is shown in fig.
The colour also varies considerably, even in different pitchers of the same individual, FIG.
Then come the glandular surface (C), which is formed of smooth polished epidermis with numerous glands that secrete the fluid contents of the pitcher, and finally the detentive surface (D), of which the cells are produced into long and strong bristles which point A FIG.
In the curious polyp Myriothela the body of the polyp is differ FIG.
The sub-epithelial layer thus primarily constituted may be recruited by immigration from without of other FIG.
Hence it is necessary to distin guishbetween,first,the"zooids," FIG.
In this manner the food absorbed by one individual contributes to the welfare of the whole colony, and the coenosarc has the 6 C FIG.
Each bud produced FIG.
Hence, in a colony of gymnoblastic hydroids, the oldest polyp of each system, that is to say, of the main stem or of a branch, is the topmost polyp; II ?a ` FIG.
Or a polyp on the main stem, after having budded a second time to form a pinnule, may give rise to a third bud, which starts a new biserial FIG.
One class g g of polyps, the dactylozoids of branching in the Plumularia-type; (dz), lose their mouth and compare with fig.
As regards habit of life the vast majority of Hydromedusae arc 6 FIG.
Two stages in the development of the otocyst can be recognized, the first that of an open pit FIG.
The ocelli are seen in FIG.
When blastostyles are present, however, they are never enclosed FIG.
Letters a to h same as in fig.
Often the bones, teeth and scales of fishes are to FIG.
The basisphenoids are ventrally overlaid, and FIG.
The schizognathous formation is doubtless the most primitive, and its representatives form a tolerably natural FIG.
Parker and Ftirbringer have demonstrated that desmo FIG.
The os articulare bears on its inner side the inner mandibular process which serves for the insertion of part of the digastric muscle or opener of the mouth; another portion of this muscle is attached to the os angulare, which frequently forms a FIG.
The median and posterior extension of the body of the sternum is a direct outgrowth of the latter, therefore FIG.
He was, indeed, the first to show clearly the relationship of the heron-like birds with the Steganopodes; of storklike birds with the American vultures; the great difference between the latter and the other birds of prey; the connexion of the gulls and auks with the plovers, and that of the sand-grouse with the From Newton's FIG.
Cope's Diatryma of New Mexico, based upon a gigantic FIG.
In the Mare aux Songes have been found the bones of another FIG.
The great auk, once common on the British coasts, those of Denmark, the east coast of North America, then restricted to those of Newfoundland, Greenland and Iceland, has been killed by man, and the same fate has overtaken the Labrador duck, the Phillip Island parrot, Nestor productus, and the large cormorant of FIG.
Some of the Malagasy avifauna is certainly ancient, aboriginal, and even points to India; other forms indicate clearly their African FIG.
Airy's writings during this time are divided between mathematical FIG.
To meet this requirement, Walker in 1878 introduced the Cherub FIG.
Owing to the increased friction produced by a rotator making approximately 900 revolutions per mile, towed at the end of a line varying from 40 fathoms for a 12 -knot FIG.
Case A contains the wheelwork, and case E the spindle and steel ball FIG.
Constant use, increased friction (m o r e especially at high speeds), and damage to the rotator will alter an ascertained log error; head or following seas, strong winds, currents and tidal streams also FIG.
Under the heading "Remarks" are noted (for vessels with sail power) making, shortening and trimming sails; and (for all ships) employment of crew, times of passing prominent landmarks, altering of course, and any subject of interest and FIG.
In steam vessels a rough and fair engine room register are kept, FIG.
Two very small families of aquatic beetles seem to stand at the base of the series, the Amphizoidae, whose larvae are broad and well armoured with FIG.
The Carabidae, or ground-beetles, comprising 13,000 species, form FIG.
The downwardly directed head is covered by the pronotum, and J the three terminal FIG.
When Hydrophilus dives it carries a supply of air between the elytra and the dorsal surface of the abdomen, while air is FIG.
During summer the insects rest in their underground retreats, then in autumn FIG.
Such are the habits of the cockchafer (Melolontha vulgaris) and other species that often cause great injury to farm and a FIG.
This line was originally designed as a " plateway " on the Outram system, but objections were raised to rails with upstanding ledges or flanges FIG.
The chairs were FIG.
Bridges Adams, the intention being by " fishing " the joints to convert the rails into continuous beams. In the original design two chairs were placed, one under each rail, a few inches apart, as in fig.
The iron tramway or railway had been known for half a century and had come into considerable use in connexion with collieries and quarries before it was realized that for the carriage FIG.
The intervals between the sleepers are filled in level with ballast, 12'2' FIG.
There are two main ways of attaching the rails to the sleepers, corresponding to two main types of rails - the bull-headed rail A B FIG.
This method of construction is more FIG.
They serve two principal FIG.
At many intermediate stations the same arrangements, on a smaller scale, are made; in all of them there is at least accommodation for the passenger and the goods traffic. The stations for F - FIG.
The fundamental relation between the applied torque and the tractive force F will be understood from fig.
The curves corresponding to the above expressions are plotted in fig.
Barbier's formula is plotted in fig.
Rate at which work is done against the resistances given by the curves fig.
As given by the Barbier curves in fig.
Using the curves of fig.
The way the thermal efficiency of the ideal engine increases with the pressure is exhibited in fig.
A common form is illustrated in fig.
This hook swings on the pivot B, and has an arm which extends backwards, practically at right angles with the working face of the hook, FIG.
The knuckle stands open until the coupling is pushed against another coupling, when the two hooks turn on their pivots to the position shown in fig.
The method of constructing the working faces of this coupler is shown in fig.
Automatic couplers resembling the Janney are adopted in a few special cases in Great Britain and other European countries, FIG.
The town was traversed by a well-paved street with a stone sewer, and contained several important private houses and a larger one which seems to have been FIG.
Further, while among wasps and bees we find some solitary and some social genera, the ants as a family are social, though some FIG.
These driver ants shelter in temporary nests made in FIG.
Cross fertilization, or the impregnation of any given flower by pollen from another flower of the same species on the same or on another plant, has been proved to be of great - g advantage to the plant by securing a more FIG.
The former, however, is frequently FIG.
Glycera, see fig.
But before this separates off a number of other FIG.
Here, however, the buds are lateral, though produced from a budding may be defective upon one or other of the noto a b FIG.
In some Syllids, such as Pionosyllis gestans, the ova are attached to the body A FIG.
The genital ducts are limited to one segment (the 8th in Capitella capitata), and there are genital setae on this and the next FIG.
The setae, which are always absent from the peristomial segment, are also sometimes absent from a greater number of the FIG.
The varying forms of the setae are illustrated in fig.
In Typhoeus and Megascolex there are com FIG.
These septa are, however, rather incomplete and are not fastened to the gut; and, as in Acanthobdella, the nephridia are embedded vv FIG.
Most crops are C FIG.
These parasites damage the hide, B FIG.
An example of the latter is seen in the hop aphis FIG.
Less abundant on the western side of the fjelds, it again forms woods in Nordland, extending FIG.
It will be remembered that, according to Spengel, the osphradium of mollusca is definitely and intimately related to the gill-plume or ctenidium, being always placed near the base of that organ; further, Spengel has shown that the nerve-supply of this olfactory organ is always derived from the visceral loop. Accord ingly, the nerve-supply FIG.
It also bends round the liver as shown FIG.
Pectinibranchia.-In this order there is no longer any trace of bilateral symmetry in the circulatory, respiratory and excretory organs, the topographically right half of the pallial complex having completely disappeared, except the right kidney, which is FIG.
Probably its use is to enable FIG.
The very large assemblage of forms coming under this order comprises the most highly developed predaceous sea-snails, numerous vegetarian species, a considerable number of freshwater and some terrestrial forms. The partial dissection of a male specimen of the common periwinkle, Littorina littoralis, drawn in fig.
As an excellent general type of the nervous system, attention may be directed to that of Paludina drawn in fig.
Salivary glands are present, and in some carnivorous forms (Dolium) these secrete free sulphuric acid (as much as 2% is present in the secretion), which assists the animal in boring holes by means of its FIG.
It is most commonly found in sessile FIG.
Three steps of this modification may be FIG.
The gill-plume,which in A plysia is the typicalMolluscan ctenidium, is seen in fig.
The relation of the delicate shell to the mantle is peculiar, since it occupies an oval area upon the visceral hump, the extent of which is indicated in fig.
When the shell of an A plysia enclosed in its mantle is pushed well to the left, the sub-pallial space is fully exposed as in fig.
One is quite black in colour, and measures when FIG.
The liver opens by two ducts into the digestive FIG.
When dissected out they appear as represented in fig.
Spengel's observation of the osphradium and its nervesupply in these forms; the nerve to that organ, which is placed somewhat anteriorly - on the dorsal surface - being given off from the hinder part (visceral) of the right compound ganglion - the fellow to that marked A in fig.
Posteriorly the mantle forms a large pallial lobe FIG.
The terrestrial Streptoneura (represented in England by the common genus Cyclostoma) FIG.
In most other Mollusca (Anisopleurous Gastropods, Pteropods and Conchifera) there is a want of such continuity; the primitive shell-sac contributes no factor to the permanent shell, or only a very minute FIG.
The chief features in the development of Limnaeus are exhibited in fig.
The blastopore now closes along the middle part of its course, which coincides z s FIG.
The Cnossian palace was re-occupied in its northern part by chieftains who have left numerous rich graves; and general commercial intercourse must have been resumed, for the uniformity of the FIG.
I, C, ca, st) bearing a distinct inner and outer lobe (lacinia and galea, fig.
The fused cardines form a broad basal plate (sub-mentum) and the stipites a smaller plate (mentum) - see fig.
Paired erectile plates (patagia) are borne on the prothorax in moths, while in moths, sawflies, wasps, bees and other insects there are small plates (tegulae) - see Fig.
After bathing the FIG.
Special notes of the style are the central grouping of the windows, leaving comparatively solid spaces on each side, which gives the effect of FIG.
The males are usually more brilliantly coloured than the females, and guard the eggs, which are often placed in a sort of nest made of the shell of some bivalve or of the carapace of a crab, with the convexity turned upwards and FIG.
Close allies of the gobies are the walking (Periophthalmus), of which various species FIG.
The pedal equation is r 3 =a 2 p, which shows FIG.
If a be greater than b the curve resembles fig.
The centre is a conjugate point (or acnode) and the curve resembles fig.
In this case the centre is a crunode and the curve resembles fig.
The fibrous nervetissue is more dense in the higher differentiated, more loose and spongy in the lower organized 1P L forms; the cellular nerve-tissue is FIG.
Whereas in the Metanemertines an arrangement prevails as represented in fig.
Its function is less that of respiration than of FIG.
In the Nemertines the sexes are separate, with only very FIG.
The expansion of the working wire when it is heated will then increase or create a sag in it owing to its increase in FIG.
Such an instrument is called a shunted movable coil ammeter, and is represented by a type of instrument shown in fig.
If then the torsion head is twisted, the suspended coil experiences a torque and is displaced through FIG.
The difficulty which has generally presented itself to those who have tried to design instruments on the FIG.
The appearance of the complete instrument is shown by fig.
There are now n-, y varieties of the cultivated oat included under two principr races - common FIG.
Thus special parts are reserved for natives of the various provinces of Egypt, of Morocco,Syria, Arabia, India, Turkey, &c. Each student can, FIG.
Various forms of potash bulbs are employed; fig.
In this method the operation is carried out in a hard glass tube sealed at one end and packed as shown in fig.
The second case is illustrated in fig.
The main principles of this system have been maintained, Slope Degrees 80 75 ' '70 FIG.
He was he deals with the principles of mathematical geography, map projections, and sources of information with special reference FIG.
The extent to which the more correct proportion would have affected the delineation of the Mediterranean is illustrated by fig.
The map, apparently of the 3rd century, was copied by a monk at Colmar, in 1265, who fortunately contented himself with adding a few scriptural names, and having been acquired by the learned Conrad Peutinger of FIG.
Map and Periegesis are FIG.
A diagram of this description will be found in Isidor of Seville's Origines (630), see fig.
T maps of more elaborate design illustrate the MS. copies of Sallust's Bellum jugurthinum; one of these taken from a codex of the 11th century in the Leipzig town library is shown in fig.
On the maps illustrating the encyclopaedic Liber floridus by Lambert, Lambert Liber flori dus 1120 FIG.
Further materials serviceable to the compilers of maps were supplied by numerous Arabian travellers and geographers, among FIG.
Additional meridians sz R01, FIG.
Among the more important productions of more recent times, may be mentioned a map of the empire, said to be based upon actual surveys by Yhang (721), who also manufactured FIG.
The bearings were FIG.
A further difficulty arose in connexion with the variation of the compass, which induced Pedro Reinel Behaim'S Globe 1492 Fig.
The maritime discoveries and surveys of that age of great discoveries were laid down upon so-called " plane-charts," that is, charts having merely equidistant parallels indicated upon them, together with the equator, the tropics and polar FIG.
The astrolabe quadrant or cross-staff enabled the mariner to determine"his latitude with a certain amount of accuracy, but for his longitude 1 See fig.
Altogether he published 211 maps, of which 66 are included in FIG.
The ovary, of two carpels, is seated on a ring-like disk FIG.
Among the larger trees are the mountain cedar, reaching to 100 ft.; the gob, which bears edible berries in appearance something like the cherry with the taste of an apple, grows to some 80 ft., and is found fringing the river beds; the hassadan, a kind of euphorbia, attaining a height of about 70 ft.; and the darei, a fig tree.
The enclosing slab very often bears one or more Christian symbols, such as the FIG.
St Augustine, in several passages, inveighs against those who thus by " gluttony and insobriety buried themselves over the buried," and " made themselves FIG.
A romantic air has been thrown over these burial chapels by the notion that they were the places of worship used by the Christians in times of FIG.
This was a purpose for which they were FIG.
The most frequent are the miracle at Cana, the multiplication of the loaves and fishes, the paralytic carrying his bed, the healing of the woman with the issue of blood, the raising of Lazarus, FIG.
The walls and ceilings are covered FIG.
There is an entire underground city with several storeys of larger and smaller streets, squares and cross ways, cut out of the rock; at the intersection of the cross ways FIG.
They often rise tier above tier, and are sometimes all on the same level " facing each other as in streets, and branching off laterally into smaller lanes or alleys "; and FIG.
This is now covered with a roof, and the fallen columns have been raised up. The lower FIG.
The cheek-teeth (premolars and molars) form a A B C FIG.
The peach border should be composed of turfy mellow FIG.
The Montreuil form of training is represented by fig.
All the latter, therefore, which are between the old wood a and the blossoms c in fig.
The chief differences are, that (a) the tongue-bar is the essential vm, organ of the gill-slit in Balanoglossus, and exceeds FIG.
On the other hand, they can be spread out horizontally so as to expose their own upper side as well as the dorsal surface FIG.
Regarding the current as the passage of a certain amount of electricity per second, it will be seen that the results FIG.
This result may be illustrated by fig.
In addition to the vestments shown in fig.
Small shallow cups are placed below the FIG.
Large plantations have been formed by the Government of India both in Assam and Bengal, but most FIG.
Dawei, which are found in the forests FIG.
The softened slices are now repeatedly passed between grooved rollers, known FIG.
The calendered sheets are generally cured between folds of wet cloth, the markings of FIG.
It is an order of herbaceous FIG.
Many of the plants are annuals; among these are some of the commonest weeds of cultivation, shepherd's purse (Capsella Bursa-pastoris), charlock (Brassica Sinapis), and such common FIG.
The frui t is a pod or siliqua splitting by two valves from A "0 D FIG.
They all crystallize in the monoclinic system, often, however, in forms closely resembling those of the rhombohedral or orthorhombic systems. Crystals have usually the form of hexagonal or rhomb-shaped scales, plates or prisms, with plane FIG.
The crystal represented in fig.
In Terebratulina, Rhyn- chonella, Lingula, and possibly other genera, the arms can be unrolled and protruded from the opened shell; in this case the tentacles also FIG.
Each half consists of many lobes which may branch, and the whole takes up a considerable proportion of FIG.
Anteriorly the dorsal vessel splits into a right FIG.
The ventral adjustors are considered to pass from the inner extremity M FIG.
In the Atremata the pro-deltidium does not become fixed to the FIG.
Pro-deltidium attached A B C FIG.
By the contraction of the valves the small smooth seeds, which form FIG.
A line of force is regarded as proceeding from the north pole towards the south pole of the magnet, its direction being that in which an isolated north pole would be urged along FIG.
This is called the " end-on " position, and is indicated in fig.
This is known as the " broadside-on " position, and is represented in fig.
A plan of the apparatus as arranged by Ewing for the latter purpose is shown diagrammatically in fig.
If the operation is again reversed, the upward course will be nearly, but not exactly, of the form shown by the line d c a, fig.
When it is desired to obtain a simple curve of induction, such as that in fig.
In a similar manner, by giving different values to the resistance 4 F R, any desired number of points R= between a and c in the curve can FIG.
In this way points can be found lying anywhere between c and d of fig.
As the return curve, shown in fig.
The full line shows the result of an experiment in which the magnetizing force was carried up to 585,1 FIG.
The instrument is represented diagrammatically in fig.
The value of B which corresponds to Hem/100 can be found from the FIG.
Du Bois's results, which, as given in his papers, show the relation of H to the magnetic moment per unit of mass, have been reduced by Ewing to the usual form, and are indicated in fig.
In most of the experiments the measurements were made by suddenly withdrawing the bobbin from its place ron FIG.
The results are indicated in Fig.
What actually happens when an iron wire is loaded with various weights is clearly shown in Fig.
Increased tension FIG.
They are indicated in fig.
Among other things, it was found that the behaviour of cast cobalt was entirely changed by annealing; the sinuous curve shown in Fig.
As H regards the effec t s FIG.
The Eurypterines (Gigantostraca) were included in the identification, although at that time they were supposed PMP. FIG.
It is probable that such an in-sinking as is shown in the FIG.
This was seen in longitudinal sections, as shown in fig.
The cerebral mass is in Limulus more easily separated by dissection as a median lobe distinct from the laterally placed ganglia of the cheliceral somite than is the case in Scorpio, but the relations are practically the same in the two forms. Formerly it was supposed that in Limulus both the chelicerae and the next following pair of appendages were prosthomerous, as in Crustacea, but the dissections of Alphonse Milne-Edwards (6) demonstrated VI FIG.
It is true that in the lower Crustacea (Apus, &c.) we have evidence of the gradual movement forward of the nerve-ganglia belonging to these FIG.
The struc ture of the lateral eye of Limulus was first described by Grenacher, and further and more accurately by Lankester and Bourne (5) and by Watase; that of Scorpio by Lan kester and Bourne, FIG.
Whilst each unit of the lateral eye of Limulus has arhabdom of ten t pieces See fig.
On the other hand, the entosternite of the Arachnida is a very large and important feature FIG.
The great dorsal contractile vessel or " heart " of Limulus is closely similar to that of Scorpio; its ostia or incurrent orifices are FIG.
The seventh, VII, is anterior to the genital operculum, op, and is the cavity of the praegenital somite which is more or less completely suppressed in subsequent development, possibly indicated by the area marked VII in fig.
The arterial system is very completely developed in both Limulus and Scorpio, branching repeatedly until minute arterioles are formed, not to be distinguished from true capillaries; FIG.
That this is, so to speak, a need of animals with localized respiratory FIG.
The same fact is true of Limulus, as was shown by Owen (7) FIG.
It must be pointed out that the presence or absence of such renal excretory tubes opening into the intestine appears to be a question FIG.
Whilst the chances are in favour of some one homoplastic coincidence or structural agreement occurring between some member or other of a large group a and some member or other of a large group b, the matter is very different 2 a o FIG.
The atrophy and total disappearance of ancestrally well-marked somites fre FIG.
It and the crab are FIG.
The sternal surface wide, continuously chitinized, but with prosternal and metasternal FIG.
The sperm is removed by the male from the genital aperture into a special receptacle on the terminal segment P FIG.
Opisthosoma consisting of only ten somites, which have no tergal and sternal elements, the prae-genital somite contracted to form a " waist," as in the Pedipalpi; the last three narrowed to form a A B prae-1 2345 6789 io I I111I IV V VI gen Opisttaosoma Prosoma FIG.
Their anatomy has not been studied, as yet, by means of freshly-killed material, and is imperfectly known, though the presence of the coxal FIG.
The segmentation of the prosoma and the form of the appendages bear a homoplastic similarity to the head, pro-, meso-, and meta-thorax of a Hexapod with mandibles, maxillary palps and three pairs of walking legs; while the opistho io i e d c b o a S' S" 2 I VT V S IV III II I Opisthosoma Prosoma FIG.
They have been found a FIG.
Coxae of 3rd, 4th, 5th and 6th appendages movable 3 Prosoma 10 II d an FIG.
Asparagus contains about Loo species in the dryer warmer parts FIG.
Properly applied, the principle could not fail; but, as may readily be proved in the case of sonorous waves, it is not in strictness sufficient to assume the expression for FIG.
It is not likely that such a result will ever be fully attained in practice; but the case is worth stating, in order to show that there is no theoretical limit to the concentration FIG.
Cornu (C.R., 1875, 80, p. 655), who thus explains an anomaly observed by FIG.
Such a curve is shown in fig.
But a close-fitting skirt or tunic was more usual, and the Semites on the famous Beni-Hasan tombs (about the 10th or 10th century B.C.) wear richly decorated cloth FIG.
A significant feature is the kind of cape which covers the shoulders; it would not and no doubt was not intended to leave play for the arms; it was the dress of the leisured classes, and a typical FIG.
Long fringed robes were worn by Hittites of both sexes, and the women represented at Mar`ash and Zenjirli wear FIG.
The Semites of the XIIth Dynasty wore on their journeys sandals of black leather, those of the FIG.
Elongated and more pointed it is the archaic crown of the Pharaohs (symbolical of upper Egypt), is worn by a Hittite god of the 14th century, and finds parallels upon old FIG.
In ordinary life it was generally pulled up through the girdle and formed a KC)R?ros (Greek Art, fig.
Trajan as represented on the Arch of Constantine, Roman Art, Plate III., fig.
Several explanations have been given of Fig.
These observers maintain that the cells from some cause lose, or may never have had developed, their functional activity, and thus FIG.
Note that these phagocytic cells are pushing out protoplasmic processes (pseudopodia) by which they grasp their victims. (X woo diam.) FIG.
These vesicles are filled with the colloid material (x 90 diam.) J FIG.
In metal-mines producing abundant rock-filling the overhand method of stoping, illustrated in fig.
This method of mining requires but little timbering, FIG.
Several floors may be mined simultaneously, FIG.
The subdrift caving system, fig.
Compressed air locomotives are provided with cylindrical FIG.
Hoisting buckets or kibbles are employed for small (From The Colliery Engineer, May 1897.) FIG.
A German design is shown in fig.
Multiple-deck cages are FIG.
In hoisting from great depths the weight of the rope, which may exceed that of the cage and FIG.
This is evident from fig.
The difficulty of extinguishing an underground fire in this way is, however, very great, as on account of the poisonous products of combustion it is impossible to attack it except in the rear, and even there the men are always in great danger from the reversal of the FIG.
The pump devised by D FIG.
The general scheme of Geisler's pump is shown in fig.
The air is then driven out of A by FIG.
Many improvements upon the original construction have been FIG.
It is then mixed with the glass mixture and broken glass (" cullet "), and replaced in the J a 6 FIG.
He sits FIG.
The processes employed in the manufacture of the glass bulbs for incandescent electric lamps, are similar to the old- FIG.
The fire may well have caused the natron, an impure form of carbonate of soda, to combine with the surrounding sand to form silicate of soda, which, although not a permanent glass, is sufficiently glass-like to suggest the x11.4 FIG.
In the first centuries of our era the art of glassmaking was developed at Rome and other cities under Roman rule in a most remarkable manner, and it reached a point of FIG.
In form, as shown in fig.
Large chevron-bones are suspended to the vertebrae of the tail, which was massive, and probably afforded a support when the monster was sitting up. The humerus has no foramen, and the FIG.
Any additional pressure applied to the fluid will be y transmitted equally to every point in the case of a liquid; this principle of the transmissibility of 1 1 pressure was enunciated by Pascal, 1653, and FIG.
Consider, for instance, the operation of casting a hemispherical bell, in fig.
As the molten metal is run in, the upward thrust on the outside mould, when the level has reached PP', is the weight of metal in the volume generated by the revolution of APQ; and this, by a theorem of Archimedes, has the same volume as the cone ORR', or rya, where y is the depth of metal, the horizontal sections being equal so long as y is less than the radius of the outside FIG.
Proceeding as in § 16 for the determination of the C.P. of an area, the same argument will show that an inclining couple due to K FIG.
Helmholtz, of the efflux of a jet between two edges A and A 1 in an infinite wall, is obtained by the symmetrical duplication of the above, with n = 1, b = o, a' = - oo, as in fig.
Generally, by making a' = -oo, the line x'A' may be taken as a straight stream line of infinite length, forming an axis of symmetry; and then by duplica tion the result can be ob A tained, with assigned n, a, and b, of the efflux from a symmetrical converging FIG.
An /,, B other method is to boil one FIG.
Massee recommends that the shoots should be dredged with flowers of sulphur at intervals of ten days, while the disease continues to spread, a small quantity of quicklime in a finely powdered con FIG.
The grapes are not assailed until nearly full-grown, when a brownish spot appears, which spreads over the 2 FIG.
Another construction is shown in fig.
Let PQ be the ordinate of the point P FIG.
The reproductive organs consist of the parts shown in fig.
I, A, and it will be seen that, in addition to the openings of the male A 9" FIG.
In them a ventral surface containing the usually median male and female genital apertures is generally distinguishable from the smooth FIG.
The extraordinary variety of form and complication of structure exhibited by the appendages of the scolex are adaptations to fix FIG.
The hinder border is often drawn out into mobile processes and hollowed out around the insertion of the next FIG.
In other cases the infection of the first host is brought about by the ingestion FIG.
An excretory system develops, opening at FIG.
In accordance with this we can regard the development as an adaptive one and the scolex as invaginated for protective FIG.
The great bulk of the tobacco supply is derived from FIG.
Generally the mirror and lens are combined into a single piece of worked glass represented in section in fig.
The curved surfaces take the place of fl e the lens in fig.
The substance is heated in a retort a, which consists of a large bulb drawn out at the top to form a long neck; it may also FIG.
A very effective type is shown in fig.
Improved forms were devised by FIG.
He was active in raising troop s xx1.5 FIG.
The epidermis has lost its connected epithelial character and its cilia, and the isolated cells have become sunk inwards retaining their S t- FIG.
If the egg with its contained embryo falls into water E (All from Marshall and Hurst, after Thomas.) FIG.
In this process it is aided by the stylet with which it actively bores its way, throws off its tail FIG.
This tissue is continuous from zooecium to zooecium (After Allman.) FIG.
The principal differences are the complication of the ciliated band, the absence of the excretory organ, the great lateral compression of the body, the possession of a pair of shells protecting the sides, the presence of an organ known as the "pyriform organ," and the occurrence of a sucker in a position corresponding with the depression seen between (m) and (a) in fig.
The most interesting feature botanically is the "corona" or "cup," which springs from the FIG.
Of the many different improvements mention may scope FIG.
Although able to move a FIG.
The conventional representation of the progress of a snake, in which its undulating body is figured as resting by a series of lower bends on the ground whilst the alternate bends are FIG.
The chief genus is Typhlops, FIG.
Behind these enlarged poison-fangs follows a series of smaller, solid FIG.
Africa, is named by the Boers "roode FIG.
The majority are distinguished by the beautiful arrangement of their bright and highly ornamental colours; many species of Elaps have the pattern of the so-called coral-snakes, their body being encircled by black, red and yellow rings - a pattern FIG.
This creature is semi-aquatic and lives chiefly on fishes; it grows to a length of about 5 ft.; the general colour is reddish to dark brown, FIG.
It is easily distinguished from other North FIG.
In such a curve the percentage composition can be plotted horizontally and the temperature of the freezing-point vertically, as in fig.
If we melt an alloy and chill it before it has wholly solidified, we often get evidence of the crystalline character of the solid matter which first forms. Fig.
We learn also that solid solutions which exist at high temperatures often break up into two materials as they cool; for example, the bronze of fig.
The pearlite when highly magnified somewhat resembles the lead-tin eutectic of fig.
In the case of some bronzes, for example that with about 25% of tin, the solid solution is soft, and the complex into which it FIG.
If now we cut the freezing-point surface by planes parallel to the base ABC we get curves giving us all the alloys whose freezing-point is the same; these isothermals can be projected on to the plane of the triangle and are seen as dotted lines in fig.
If we remove the plate, and FIG.
Referring to fig.
If the difference N Isopies `som et7„,l8 FIG.
The amount of heat absorbed in any small change of state, as from E to G in fig.
The product 94, may be represented at any point such as D in Fig.
In addition there is a small glandular disk, which assumes different shapes in FIG.
See Greek Art, fig.
In one group, represented by Cereus, they consist of a tube, more or less elongated, on the outer surface of which, towards the base, are developed small and at first inconspicuous scales, which gradually 0000 FIG.
At the base of the tube, in both groups, the ovary becomes developed into a fleshy (often edible) fruit, that produced by the Opuntia being known as the prickly pear or Indian fig.
This is represented in crosssection and in position in fig.
The union of the first abdominal segment with the metathorax has been 8 FIG.
Let u represent the volume of air in the cup before the body was inserted, v the volume of the body, a the area of the horizontal FIG.
A small quantity of the substance is weighed into a tube, of the form shown in fig.
It is necessary to determine the pressure exerted on the vapour by the mercury in the narrow limb; this is effected by opening the capillary and inclining the tube until the mercury just reaches the top of the narrow tube; the difference between FIG.
The apparatus is shown in fig.
The other arm is graduated in ten divisions and carries riders - bent pieces of wire of determined weights - and at its extremity a hook from FIG.
The wings and are well adapted for FIG.
Thus at the focus two images of the sun were formed nearly in contact as in fig.
Dollond then points out three different types in which a glass so divided and mounted may FIG.
But he was so delighted with the general performance of the instrument, with the sharpness of the images and the possibilities which a kindred construction offered for the measurement of FIG.
The Konigsberg heliometer is represented in fig.
The details of the interior mechanism of the " head " will be almost 0 FIG.
The instrument is shown in fig.
The tube turns smoothly in the racked wheel, or can be clamped to it at the will of FIG.
The microscopes adjoining 82 read the position and declination circles; for, by an ingenious arrangement of prisms and screens, the images of both circles can be read by each single microscope as shown in fig.
The normal vertical distribution of temperature is illustrated in curve A of fig.
Curve B shows the typical distribution of temperature in an enclosed sea, in this case the Sulu Basin of the Malay Sea, where from the level of the barrier to the bottom the temperature remains uniform or homothermic. Curve C shows a typical summer condition in the polar seas, where layers of sea-water at different temperatures are superimposed, the arrangement from the surface to 200 fathoms is termed FIG.
Both actions result in the drawing in of an intermediate layer of water from a distance which takes part in the double system of vertical circulation as is indicated in fig.
The principle of proving a mineral field by boring is illustrated by fig.
This method necessitates the use of very considerable pumping power during the sinking, as the water has to be kept down in order to allow the sinkers to reach a water - tight stratum upon which the foundation of the tubbing FIG.
The first indication is a dull hollow sound heard when treading on the pavement or floor, probably occasioned r FIG.
The modern method of pillar working is shown in fig.
The general character of a long-wall working is shown in fig.
The most typical example of this kind of working in England is afforded by the thick coal of South Staffordshire, which consists of a series of closely associated coal seams, varying from 8 to 12 or 13, divided FIG.
The method of working which has been long in use is represented in fig.
The method of cutting coal on the long-wall system is seen in fig.
The arrangement of the roads at the face is shown in the plan, fig.
An early and very successful machine of this class, the Guibal fan, is represented in fig.
By the use of the spiral guide casing and the chimney the velocity of the effluent air is gradually FIG.
It consists of a hollow sheet iron drum formed by two conoidal tubes, united together FIG.
Appold (1800-1865) is shown in fig.
The cocks regu FIG.
Morin's dynamometer is shown in fig.
When a belt, in which the maximum and minimum tensions are respectively P and p lb, drives a pulley, the torque exerted FIG.
The torque acting on the armature of an electric motor is necessarily accompanied by an equal and opposite torque acting on the FIG.
In its present shape, dating substantially from the Renaissance, it is a peaked head-covering not unlike a closed mitre, round which are placed one above the other three circlets or open iCYzc=4- i FIG.
The crown of William the Conqueror and his immediate successors seems to have been a plain circlet with four uprights, FIG.
There were, in fact, two sets of regalia, the one used for the coronations and kept at Westminster, FIG.
Queen Edith's crown was found to be only of silver-gilt, with counterfeit pearls, sapphires and other stones, FIG.
Horace Twiss had a pretty wit, and as a young man wrote light articles for the papers; and, FIG.
This law holds good FIG.
This angle is called the angle of elevation; OM is constant and is FIG.
It will be seen from fig.
Left deflection has A been put on; this FIG.
The rocking-bar is moved by a rack g into which a pinion on a cross-spindle j gears; the cross-spindle is moved by means of a worm-wheel into which a worm on the longitudinal FIG.
In later patterns, the sight is automatic pure and simple, the lever is rigidly attached to the rocking-bar, and the range scale and gear for raising the sights dispensed with, much as shown in fig.
Improved communications between range - finder and gun, range and FIG.
Sighting telescopes were also intro FIG.
But, as rifles improved and came into general use for all troops, sights became indispensable, and to-day as much care is Bachsight FIG.
Two of the commonest forms are shown in fig.
A " full " sight is shown in fig.
Backsights are of many different patterns, almost any two being FIG.
Examples taken, except fig.
The sable antelope is a southern species in which both sexes are black or FIG.
The face has the ordinary gazelle-markings; but the rather short horns - which are wanting in the female - have a peculiar upward and forward curvature, unlike that obtaining in the gazelles FIG.
The principle of the astrolabe is explained in fig.
If the solid is divided into elements by a series of such planes, and if h is the distance between two consecutive planes making sections such as Abdc in fig.
It may be shown that this is the same thing as the mean distance FIG.
It is cleaner than coke and is said to FIG.
The contents are poured by hand into moulds which are contained side by side in an iron carriage running on wheels, fig.
The crucible is placed in the pouring cradle, which has been in use since 1816, and is shown in fig.
The cutting machine used in the Mint is shown in fig.
The cutters are so placed as to remove blanks in the manner shown in fig.
This operation is called marking, because originally the edges FIG.
The blanks are placed in the slide J and the lowest one is carried forward to the die in two successive movements of the " layer-on " K, a rod working backwards and forwards on a horizontal plate and actuating the finger L, fig.
The lower die is firmly fixed FIG.
The chief working parts are shown in fig.
Its centre and end knife edges are shown in fig.
The scale pan for the coin is shown in fig.
If it is heavier than this, it raises the FIG.
Among common forms of hoe are the ordinary FIG.
In the lever-hoe, which is largely used in grain crops, the blades may be raised and lowered by means FIG.
Suppose it is desired to measure the insulation-resistance of a system of electric house wiring; the ohmmeter circuits are then joined up as shown in fig.
These take a variety of forms, (From Andrews' Church Treasury.) (From Andrews' Church Treasury.) FIG.
Let fig.
At L the displacement backward decreases, or the motion is forward FIG.
That for the air waves from a violin are probably nearly as in fig.
We have FIG.
Since the velocity increases as we go upwards the front tends to swing round and travel downwards, as shown in the successive positions a I, 2, 3 and 4, in fig.
Then the front tends to swing round and travel upwards as shown in the successive positions b I, 2, 3, and 4, in fig.
The form of the curve is evidently as represented in fig.
Let AC be the H L FIG.
Let H FIG.
Then, as we shall prove later, the vibrations of the string may be represented by the travelling of two trains in opposite directions each with velocity /tension=mass per unit length each half the height of the train represented in fig.
We may represent the displacement due to one of the trains by y l =a sin 2 i (24) where x is measured as in equation (16) from an ascending node as A in fig.
Then we get fig.
Let us suppose that a system of stationary waves is formed in the air in a pipe of indefinite length, and let fig.
A glass or metal rod, the " sounder," is clamped at its middle point, and fixed along the prolongation of the axis of the dust-tube as in fig.
This rod is supported at 4 and 4 of its length where it enters the two dust-tubes, as represented diagrammatically in fig.
It is stroked in the middle so as to FIG.
Let two trains of equal waves moving in opposite directions along such a string of indefinite length form the stationary system of fig.
A string is fixed at C on the top of a hollow box, and C" A D B um FIG.
It is evident that, in such case, the string, while vibrating as a whole between its fixed extremities, is at the same time executing subsidiary oscillations about its middle point, its points B FIG.
Let A be a point in A dx 8 FIG.
If the two interfering waves, being still of same length X, be in opposite phases, or sõ that one is in advance of the other by 2X, and consequently one produces in the air the opposite state of motion to the other, then the resultant wave is one of the same length X, but the excursions of the particles are decreased, being the difference between those due to the component waves as in fig.
A tubular piece of wood shaped as in fig.
If a tuning-fork in vibration be turned round before the ear, four positions will be found in which A B it will be inaudible, owing to the mutual interference FIG.
Lord Rayleigh (loc. cit.) points out that this FIG.
It had eight arches, the greatest span FIG.
The great lines of aqueducts built by Roman engineers, and dating from 300 B.C. onwards, where they are carried above FIG.
It had spans of 172 and 1 93 ft., and may be taken as a representative FIG.
The bridge over the East Dart near Tavistock had three piers, with slabs FIG.
The total length of the bridge is 1005 ft., its width from outside to outside 56 ft., and height above low FIG.
If the pressure on the lead is uniformly varying, the centre of pressure must be within the middle third of the width of the lead; that is, it cannot deviate from the centre of the voussoir -- Scale of Feet 50 100 200 300 FIG.
The chains are so arranged that there is a suspending rod at each 8 ft., attached at the joint of one of the FIG.
Though each girder has been made continuous over the four spans it has not quite the proportions over the piers which a continuous girder should have, FIG.
This bridge has now been replaced by a stronger bridge to carry the greater loads imposed by modern traffic. Fig.
The original design was for a FIG.
Southwark bridge over the Thames, designed by John Rennie with cast iron ribs and erected in 1814-1819, has a centre FIG.
He advised that Fig.
Cast iron arches of considerable span were constructed late FIG.
Its depth at the crown is 33 ft., and its centre line?4?J???/.?IyII, 1 i i I I - - - - - - - FIG.
A car is suspended from the bridge, carried by a trolley running on the underside of the stiffening girders, the car being FIG.
Screw piles are cast iron piles which are screwed FIG.
The greatest shear at C for any position of the load occurs when the head of the train is at C. For any load p between C and B will increase the reaction at B and therefore the shear at C by part of p, but at the same time will diminish the shear at C by the whole FIG.
The greatest shear at C may occur with W I at C. If W 1 passes FIG.
Experience shows that (a) a parabola having the same ordinate at the centre of the span, or (b) a parabola having 15 ons FIG.
In long-span ¦ bridges the cantilever system permits erection FIG.
The majority of bridges not of great span have girders with parallel booms. This involves the fewest difficulties of workmanship and perhaps permits FIG.
Most braced girders may be considered as built up of two simple FIG.
Some timber bridges consist of queenpost trusses in the upright position, as shown diagrammatically in fig.
A combination bridge is built partly of timber, partly of steel, FIG.
The sides of the polygon may be arranged in any order, provided care is taken so to draw them that in passing round the polygon in C D _E FIG.
When all the forces are vertical, as will be the case in girders, the polygon of external forces will be reduced to two straight lines, fig.
Of these two triangles, shown in fig.
Then the triangle YXE is the reciprocal FIG.
Continuing the construction of the diagram in the same way, we arrive at fig.
The complete reciprocal figure is shown in fig.
Consider any other point F of the curve, fig.
In the triangle FDC, let FD be tangent to the curvelFC vertical, and Dqhorizontal; these three sides will necessarily be proportional respectively.to_the FIG.
I, hy) which come from the wall either by immigration (fig.
It is convenient to distinguish two types of polyp by the names hydro polyp and anthopolyp, characteristic of the Hydrozoa and From Gegenbaur's FIG.
The internal structural differences are even more characteristic. In the hydropolyp the blastopore of the embryo forms the adult mouth situated at the extremity of the hypostome, and the ectoderm and FIG.
Flowers in which the relative position of the organs allows of spontaneous self-pollination may be all alike as regards length of style and stamens (homomorphy or homostyly), or differ in this respect (heteromorphy) the styles (From Strasburger's by permission of Gustav Fischer.) FIG.
The former, which is a somewhat less favourable method than the latter, is effected by air-currents, insect agency, the actual contact between stigmas and anthers in neighbouring flowers, where, as in the family Compositae, flowers are closely crowded, or by the fall of the pollen from a (From Darwin's by permission.) FIG.
In some cases flowers, which open under normal circumstances, remain closed owing to unfavourable circumstances, and self-pollination occurs as in a FIG.
Bees, wasps and larger insects serve as pollinating agents FIG.
Interior Ballistics The investigation of the relations connecting the pressure, volume and temperature of the powder-gas inside the bore of the gun, of the work realized by the expansion of the powder, of the V FIG.
But the maximum pressure may exceed the mean in the ratio of 2 or 3 to I, as shown in fig.
On the assumption of uniform pressure up the bore, practically realizable in a Zalinski pneumatic dynamite gun, the pressure-curve would be the straight line HK of fig.
To measure the pressure experimentally in the bore of a gun, the crusher-gauge is used as shown in fig.