Export Sentence Examples

There is an export trade in opium.

There is little export of the news with the only means of communication being local travelers.

The trade is chiefly confined to the export of cotton.

The chief product of the islands are bananas; the chief export sandal-wood.

You will export such articles as the country affords, purely native products, much ice and pine timber and a little granite, always in native bottoms.

The total export of cereals in 1898 was valued at £70,800.

They export US$13 billion more food than they import.

There is an active export trade in grain.

Wool forms by far the largest export, and tallow, hides, bones and frozen mutton are also exported.

The export of frozen meat is important.

The last named has succeeded, by means of the large establishments at Milan in supplying not only the whole Italian market but an export trade.

Brownstone quarried in the vicinity is also an important export.

The only industry is the manufacture of olive-wood and mother-of-pearl goods for sale to pilgrims and for export.

Since then special laws have hampered development, some provinces, as for instance Sardinia, being allowed to manufacture for their own consumption but not for export.

Mangabeira rubber is collected to a limited extent, and piassava fibre is an article of export.

The jute industry is concentrated in a few large factories, which from 1887 onwards have more than supplied the home market, and have begun considerably to export.

These measures were largely successful, but in 1902 the export of oak staves was discontinued owing to a shortage of supply.

In 1885 Uruguay imported most of her breadstuffs; now not only is wheat grown in sufficient quantities to meet the local demand, but a surplus (about 20,000 metric tons in 1908-9) is annually available for export.

In Palestine and elsewhere there is a large orange trade, and Basra, in Turkish Arabia, has the largest export of dates in the world.

Salt is an important export, being manufactured in salt water swamps and marshes throughout the province of Pangasinan (whose name, from asin, " salt," means "the place where salt is produced").

The export trade in corn and import trade in coal is considerable.

Manganese is mined in Minas Geraes for export.

In 1794 Spain, hard pressed by Great Britain and France, turned to the United States, and by the treaty of 1794 the Mississippi river was recognized by Spain as the western boundary of the United States, separating it from Louisiana, and free navigation of the Mississippi was granted to citizens of the United States, to whom was granted for three years the right " to deposit their merchandise and effects in the port of New Orleans, and to export them from thence without paying any other duty than a fair price for the hire of the stores."

The best condition and form in which to export rubber cannot be regarded as settled.

Beehives are numerous and produce excellent honey, and poultry is reared in large numbers for export.

Mannheim is the great emporium for the export of goods down the Rhine and has a large river traffic. It is also the chief manu facturing town of the duchy and the seat of administrative government for the northern portion of the country.

The gathering and preparation of "ixtle" fibres from the agave and yucca forms another important industry, the fibre being sent to Tampico for export.

Agriculture, fisheries and import and export trade furnish the chief means of subsistence.

Livonia carries on a large export trade, especially through Riga and Pernau, in petroleum, wool, oilcake, flax, linseed, hemp, grain, timber and wooden wares; the Dvina is the chief channel for this trade.

William Kieft was appointed director-general late in 1637, and in 1638 the Company abandoned its monopoly of trade in New Netherland and gave notice that all inhabitants of the United Provinces, and of friendly countries, might trade there subject to an import duty of io %, an export duty of 15%, and to the requirement that the goods should be carried in the Company's ships.

There are post and telegraph offices, and a great export trade is done in pistachios and almonds, the latter being of the kind called Kaghazi (" of paper") with very thin shells, famous throughout the country.

Schiedam is famous as the seat of a great gin manufacture, which, carried on in more than three hundred distilleries, gives employment besides to malt-factories, cooperages and cork-cutting establishments, and supplies grain refuse enough to feed about 30,000 pigs, as well as sufficient yeast to form an important article of export.

It was only in years when the harvest was most favourable that AustriaHungary was able to provide for her own requirements in corn; for export purposes only barley was of considerable importance, while wheat, and above all, of recent years, maize had to be imported.

The latter also managed the export of sugar, in return for which certain wares were imported.

Tobacco of good quality supplies local requirements but is not exported; pepper, grown chiefly in Chantabun and southern Siam, annually yields about 900 tons for export.

From coco-nuts about 10,000 tons of copra are made for export each year, and maize is used for local consumption only.

The export of tin in 1908 exceeded 5000 tons, valued at over f600,000.

The principal articles of export are sugar, tobacco, copra, forest products (various gums, &c.), coffee, petroleum, tea, cinchona, tin, rice, pepper, spices and gambier.

An indication of the mineral products has already been given; as regards the export trade, tin is the most important of these, but the Ombilin coalfields of Sumatra, connected by a railway with the coast, call for mention here also.

Its vineyards and potteries are mentioned by Pliny, the latter doing a considerable export trade.

The inland valleys and slopes are very fertile and heavily forested, and much of the Brazilian export of rosewood and other cabinet woods is drawn from this state.

Naphtha wells are working with favourable results at Gbely in Slovakia, and researches in progress at other points (Russinia) promise results that would make Czechoslovakia independent of foreign sources in respect of petroleum, even if no surplus were produced for export.

In 1920-1 some 715,000 tons of sugar were produced, 189 factories and refineries being engaged in the industry, and 300,000 tons were available for export.

Sugar, malt, hops, beer, mineral waters, glass, porcelain, leather, gloves, furniture and toys are the principal articles of export to Great Britain.

There was not at this time any considerable public feeling on the subject of protection, chiefly because during most of the years of this period the Eastern states, and especially New England, where manufactures might be expected to develop first, were profitably engaged in_an extensive export and carrying trade.

Wild silk is another valuable article of export.

Jerba has a considerable reputation for the manufacture of the woollen tissues interwoven with silk which are known as burnous stuffs; a market for the sale of sponges is held from November till March; and there is a considerable export trade in olives,.

The products of this region are sent for export to Cudillero, a small harbour on the Bay of Biscay.

Thus one statute permitted the szlachta henceforth to export and import goods duty free, to the great detriment of the towns and the treasury.

Not only are millions of bulbs cultivated in Holland for export every year, but thousands are now also grown for the same purpose in the Channel Islands, more particularly in Guernsey.

The export trade is chiefly with the Peninsula, France, Italy, Algeria and with Cuba and Porto Rico.

The culture of the vine was early undertaken by the colonists, but it was not until vineyards in France were attacked by phylloxera that the export of wine from Algeria became considerable.

The import of wool exceeds the export.

The chief articles of export are cereals, flour, wool, hemp, skins and fish; and the imports include hardwares, fruits, oil and petroleum.

The chief export from the group is wool, grown upon runs farmed both by Europeans and Morioris.

There is also a small export by the natives of the flesh of young albatrosses and other sea-birds, boiled down and cured, for the Maoris of New Zealand, by whom it is reckoned a delicacy.

In some places the capture of the latter is the source of a considerable export trade in tortoiseshell.

Coffee has become an important article of export, but cotton does not yield enough for the domestic factories.

Better cultivation would probably increase the output and make it an article of export.

The greater part is consumed in the country, but there is a considerable export of cattle to the United States, Cuba and Central America, and of hides and skins to the United States and Europe.

The national revenues are derived from import and export duties, port dues and other taxes levied on foreign commerce; from excise and stamp taxes and other charges upon internal business transactions; from direct taxes levied in the federal district and national territories, covering a land tax in rural districts, a house tax in the city, commercial and professional licences, water rates, and sundry taxes on bread, pulque, vehicles, saloons, theatres, &c.; from probate dues and registry fees; from a surcharge on all taxes levied by the states, called the " federal contribution," which is paid in federal revenue stamps; from post and telegraph receipts; and from some minor sources of income.

The average yearly product is about 70,000,000 lb, worth approximately £1,300,000, and subject to an export duty of one gold dollar (4s.) per quintal (101 lb).

Tentative attempts at export duties have also been made.

Her total foreign trade (import and export) was in 1906 over £100,000,000.

The geographical position of Canada, its railway systems and steamship service for freight across the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, are favourable to the extension of the export trade in farm products to European and oriental countries.

The loss from this cause is also less than formerly, because any grain unfit for export is now readily purchased for the feeding of animals in Ontario and other parts of eastern Canada.

As the total annual export of oats is now less than three million bushels the home consumption is large, and this is an advantage in maintaining the fertility of the soil.

Barley was formerly grown for export to the United States for malting purposes.

There is a comparatively small export, except in the case of turnips and potatoes and of vegetables which have been canned or dried.

For export it is put up in bales of about 150 lb each.

Good horses suitable for general work on farms and for cabs, omnibuses, and grocery and delivery wagons, are plentiful for local markets and for export.

Pigs, mostly of the Yorkshire, Berkshire and Tamworth breeds, are reared and fattened in large numbers, and there is a valuable export trade in bacon.

Butter for export is made in creameries, where the milk, cream and butter are handled by skilled makers.

For the export trade it is packed in square boxes made of spruce or some other odourless wood.

The total export of butter from Canada in 1906 was 3 4, 031,525 lb, of the value of $7,075,539.

It also arranged with the various railway companies to run refrigerator cars weekly on the main lines leading to Montreal and other export points.

In 1902, however, a new industry was added in the export of cotton from the eastern provinces of the Delta, the cotton being brought from Mataria by boat across Lake Menzala.

In respect of industry and commerce as a whole Gothenburg ranks as second to Stockholm in the kingdom; but it is actually the principal centre of export trade and port of register; and as a manufacturing town it is slightly inferior to Malmo.

The principal article of export continues to be black tea, of which staple Hankow has always been the central market.

Small but strong ponies are bred for export, and small cattle and pigs for home use.

Apart from agriculture, the industries consist in the manufacture of fine bamboo hats and mats, and wooden combs for export and local use.

Turtles are caught in abundance along the coasts, and form an article of export.

Other important firms, Tuscan wine-growers, oil-growers, timber traders, colour manufacturers, &c., have their head offices and stores at Leghorn, with a view to export.

Formerly Rio led all other ports in the export of coffee, but the enormous increase in production in the state of Sao Paulo has given Santos the lead.

Long before this its most famous article of export, the silphium plant, a representation of which was the chief coin-type of Cyrene, had come to an end.

Flax, for which much of the soil is admirably adapted, is extensively cultivated, and forms an important article of export, chiefly, however, in the form of yarn.

Apples, pears, plums and cherries are the principal kinds of fruit cultivated, while the wild red cranberries from the Harz and the black bilberries from the Luneburger Heide form an important article of export.

Agriculture has also greatly declined, the state producing for export only a comparatively small quantity of cotton, rice, sugar and aguardiente.

The city's export of grain and its coastwise trade in coal are especially large.

The export became important just at the time when disease in Europe had lessened the production on the continent.

China and Japan, both of which contribute so largely to the supplies that appear in European and American statistics, only export their excess growth, silk-weaving being carried on and native silk worn to an enormous extent in both countries.

While the tables indicate the fluctuations of supply they show generally that Asiatic countries, in addition to supplying the necessities for their home trade, export to Europe and America about threefifths of the whole of the silk consumed in Western manufactures.

It is connected by railway with Helsingfors and Tammerfors, and is the centre of the Finnish butter export, which now amounts to over 1,000,000 yearly.

The yearly export (trepang, turtle and kamuning wood) is valued at only £850 to £1650.

There is some weaving of silk cloth, and export trade in sugar.

Like the other provinces of this region, Antofagasta produces for export copper, silver, silver ores, lead, nitrate of soda, borax and salt.

But there can be no doubt that a considerable import and export trade with the continent had sprung up quite early.

At first the chief export trade was probably in slaves.

It is famous for its wines, in which a large export trade is done.

The trade is very largely centred in the export of palm oil and palm kernels and the import of cotton goods and spirits, mostly gin.

It is a well-built and active commercial city, and has a large export trade in coffee and sugar.

In selling yarn for export it is usual to allow the buyer only 11% for payment in 14 days, or in some cases the discount is at the rate of 5% per annum for 3 months, which is equivalent to 14%.

The general export of yarn varies according to influences such as tariff charges, spinning and manufacturing development in the importing countries and the price of cotton.

A very large proportion of the Lancashire export trade is in grey goods and a smaller yet considerable proportion of the home trade.

The export shirting trade is done mainly on "repeat" orders for well-known "chops" or marks.

For export the dimensions are commonly 32 or 36 in.

Printing-cloth is a term with a general significance, but it is also particularly applied to a class of plain cloths in which a very large trade is done both for home trade and export.

The main lines of the Lancashire export trade in cotton goods are indicated in the Board of Trade returns.

Some Manchester export business is done through London, Glasgow, and continental towns, of which Hamburg is the principal.

On the whole, however, what may be called the speculative centre of gravity of Great Britain's export business in cotton goods is not in Manchester but abroad.

It involves more numerous and more elaborate processes, and the qualities for home use are generally finer and more costly than those for export.

Not only is the average of quality better, but the variety of kinds and designs is greater in the home trade than in the export trade.

As buyers of finished goods for London and the country do not attend it, certain departments of the home trade are hardly represented, but practically all the spinners and manufacturers and all the export merchants of any importance are subscribers.

Export buyers, attended by salesmen, are commonly more or less stationary and prominent; Burnley manufacturers abound in one locality and spinners of Egyptian yarns in another.

But little gold at present finds its way across the Tibetan passes to India; and the export to China has diminished of late years.

It is in the midst of a fine agricultural district, into which several branch railways extend, and carries on a large export trade in grain and other farm produce.

The trade is almost exclusively confined to the manufacture and export of the wines of the district.

The prosperity of Ghuzzeh has partially revived through the growing trade in barley, of which the average annual export to Great Britain for 1897-1899 was over 30,000 tons.

It is an important centre for trade in cereals and flour for export, and in sheep, cattle, wool, leather and timber.

This and a noted breed of hardy ponies form the chief articles of export.

There is a large export of eggs to Alexandria; but the wealth of the place depends most on the famous "Latakia" tobacco, grown in the plain behind the town and on the Ansarieh hills.

The great fair for which it was formerly famous has lost its importance, but the town remains the centre of a variety of domestic trades - tailoring, the manufacture of leather, and the making of boots and small enamelled ikons (sacred images); it is also famous for its kitchen gardening and the export of pickled and dried vegetables and medical herbs.

Grain and timber form the chief articles of export; textiles, machinery, iron goods and coal being most largely imported.

In 1780 all the Europeans in Laraish were expelled by Mohammed XVI., although in 1786 the monopoly of its trade had been granted to Holland, even its export of wheat.

There is a large direct export trade with the United States.

Milan is also a centre of the export trade in cheese; chocolate, biscuits, &c., are also manufactured.

Tzibos took advantage of the extreme poverty of the Lazi to create a Roman monopoly by which he became a middleman for all the trade both export and import.

It has also important plush, silk and hosiery manufactures, as well as extensive bleaching works, and does a very large export trade to all parts of the world in these branches.

Forest products - gums and resins of various sorts, such as gutta-percha - are valuable articles of export.

Again, a totally different character belongs to the canals in North Brabant, and the east and north-east of Holland where, in the absence of great rivers, they form the only waterways which render possible the drainage of the fens and the export of peat; and unite the lesser streams with each other.

The principal market products are cauliflower, cabbage, onions, asparagus, gherkins, cucumbers, beans, peas, &c. The principal flowers are hyacinths, tulips, crocuses, narcissus and other bulbous plants, the total export of which is estimated at over 200,000.

The value of the herring fisheries is enhanced by the careful methods of smoking and salting, the export of salted fish being considerable.

Belgium imports nearly all of its ore, while Sweden and Spain export most of the ore which they mine.

The Chinese export thousands of similar skins in black, grey and white, usually ready dressed and made into rugs of two skins each.

There is a large trade in cattle with Petropavlovsk, and considerable export of grain, tallow, meat, hides, butter, game and fish, there being three large fairs in the year.

The manufactures carried on are mostly only such as exist in every large town, and the export of manufactured goods is inconsiderable.

Here is the junction of the great railway system which unites Bengal with Central India and Bombay, and is developing into a great centre of inland and export trade.

Agriculture.-From remote antiquity Poland has been celebrated for the production and export of grain.

After local wants are supplied, there remains every year a surplus of about 31 million quarters of cereals for export.

The staple export trade is in fish and their products; other exports are butter, copper ore and hides.

Coblenz is a principal seat of the Mosel and Rhenish wine trade, and also does a large business in the export of mineral waters.

Most of the export trade is with Buenos Aires or Montevideo.

The Conversion Office, which is authorized to sell or lend gold, receives a fixed revenue of £30,000 from certain import and export dues; it was reorganized in 1903 for the administration of the public debt.

There are cement factories in the town, and calcium carbide is an important article .of export.

As early as the 14th century the quarrying and export of marble gave employment to the men of Corfe, and during the 18th century the knitting of stockings was a flourishing industry.

Consequently, their export trade has been for many years a China diminishing one.

The export production of the island of Formosa is limited to a particular class of tea termed Formosa Oolong, practically all produced for the United States Oolong.

From the 13th century to the 16th Prizren had a flourishing export trade with Ragusa, and it has always been one of the principal centres of commerce and industry in Albania.

These large cattle-rearing centres not only supply the home markets but export live stock in considerable quantities to England and France.

The native demand for wool is not covered by the home production, and in this article the export from the United Kingdom to Germany is steadily rising, having amounted in 1905

This production permits a considerable export of coal to the west and south of the empire, but the distance from the coal-fields to the German coast is such that the import of British coal cannot yet be dispensed with (1905, over 7,000,000 tons).

The export of steel (railway) rails and bridges from this part is steadily on the increase.

The export of woollen goods from Germany in 1905 amounted to a value of 13,000,000.

Gloves for export are extensively made in Wurttemberg, and Offenbach and Aschaffenburg are renowned for fancy leather wares, such as purses, satchels and the like.

Export duties were abolished in 1865 and transit dues in 1861.

They would only give their support to the Navy Bills of 1897 and 1900 in return for large concessions limiting the importation of margarine and American preserved meat, and the removal of the Indemnitts Na-chweis acted as a kind of bounty on the export of corn.

Mineral ores, tobacco and cigars, coffee, cacao, sugar and rum and cabinet-woods are the main articles of export.

A branch railway to Calafat facilitates the export trade with Bulgaria.

Grand Haven is the port of entry for the Customs District of Michigan, and has a small export and import trade.

Deep-sea fishing is carried on; but the staple trade consists in the export of china clay and minerals, coal being imported.

Owing to tariff restrictions, the United States' market is being more and more abandoned, and improvements in cold storage are making it possible to export to Great Britain increasing quantities of butter and cheese.

The principal articles of export are wood, sugar, cattle, glass and glassware, iron and ironware, eggs, cereals, millinery, fancy goods, earthenware and pottery, and leather goods.

A large export trade in almonds is carried on with north and central Europe.

Of the other harbours, Porto Empedocle and Licata share with Catania most of the sulphur export trade, and the other ports of note are Marsala, Trapani, Syracuse (which shares with the roadstead of Mazzarelli the asphalt export trade).

Some 70% of the import and export trade was with Germany, the remainder being almost entirely with Great Britain.

It is the commercial centre of a fine agricultural district, and has a large export trade in cheese and farm produce.

A considerable export trade in copper, tin and granite was formerly carried on, and the last is still exported, hut the chief trade is in grain; while timber, coal and limestone are imported.

By far the most important export is grain, which goes almost entirely to British ports; but wool, flax and cattle are also shipped.

Export trade in the delta and forest regions is almost entirely confined to " jungle produce," the most important articles being palm oil and palm kernel.

Cotton is also grown for export.

In Northern Nigeria up to the moment of the British occupation the foreign trade was chiefly in the hands of Tripoli Arabs whose caravans crossed the desert at great risk and expense, and carried to the markets of Kuka and Kano tea, sugar and other European goods, taking away the skins and feathers which constituted the principal articles of export to the Mediterranean coast.

Beans and lentils are extensively sown, and form an important article of export.

Rabbits, which are not found wild in Denmark, are bred for export.

The fishery along the coasts of Denmark is of some importance both on account of the supply of food obtained thereby for the population of the country, and on account of the export; but the good fishing grounds, not far from the Danish coast, particularly in the North Sea, are mostly worked by the fishing vessels of other nations, which are so numerous that the Danish government is obliged to keep gun-boats stationed there in order to prevent encroachments on territorial waters.

The value of export is exceeded as a whole by that of import in the proportion, roughly, of 1 to 1.35.

By far the most important articles of export may be classified as articles of food of animal origin, a group which covers the vast export trade in the dairy produce, especially butter, for which Denmark is famous.

Next to butter the most important article of Danish export is bacon, and huge quantities of eggs are also exported.

In the second of these classes the most important export is home-bred horned cattle.

Its principal export trade is with Great Britain, Germany and Sweden, the percentage of the whole being 60, 18 and 10.

The effect of these revelations was profound not only politically, but also economically; the important export trade in Danish butter, especially, was adversely affected, as Herr Alberti had been interested in numerous dairy companies.

The industry of the e place is almost wholly concerned with the preparation of wine, in which a large export trade is done.

He entered the business of his uncle, an export provision merchant in Waterford, in 1779 and succeeded him in 1790.

The manufacture and export of native cloth have now been almost entirely superseded by the introduction of European piece goods.

Its industries and commerce are principally concerned with the manufacture and export of wine.

Silkworms are bred, and some silk is spun; and the export of honey and wax is not inconsiderable.

The new town on the right bank is therefore a centre of the timber export trade, this place being the principal port in Norway for the export of pit-props, planed boards, and other varieties of timber.

Placed on the high road between Simferopol and Kerch, and in the midst of a country rich in corn land, vineyards and gardens, Karasu-Bazar used to be a chief seat of commercial activity in the Crimea; but it is gradually declining in importance, though still a considerable centre for the export of fruit.

The act was renewed in 1693 and 1695, and in the former year another act was passed prohibiting the export of lint and permitting its import free of duty.

It should be added that on the figures of import and export value in 1909, Aberdeen had changed places with Methil, and Burntisland with Granton.

The amalgamation of the ministry of commerce with the ministry of ways in 1889 further enabled Baross to realize his great idea of making the trade of Hungary independent of foreign influences, of increasing the commercial productiveness of the kingdom and of gaining every possible advantage for her export trade by a revision of tolls.

Agriculture.-The agricultural industries on which the export trade depends are almost wholly restricted to the western lowlands, and include cacao, coffee, cotton, sugar, tobacco, rice, yucca and sweet potatoes.

Horses and mules are reared for export on a small scale, and sheep for their wool, which is used in home manufactures.

The hats are an article of export, and are known abroad as Panama hats.

Commerce.-A summary of import and export values of trade in the Persian Gulf, excluding Mohammerah and Basra, is appended.

The normal value, for example, of the post-war exports of Bahrein should be more nearly £3,000,000 than £ I,000,000, owing to the enhanced value in terms of money of pearls, and the export trade of Bandar 'Abbas should likewise be more in a normal post-war than in a pre-war year.

Bushire, Hanjam, Bahrein, Abadan and Basra Summary showing Import and Export Values of Trade in the Persian Gulf (excluding Iraq and Arabistan) in two pre-war years and in the latest post-war year available.

This was reinforced by an Act of Parliament empowering the sovereign to prohibit by proclamation the export of arms and ammunition from the United Kingdom to countries or places where they might be employed against British troops and subjects.

The islands retain the exemption from direct taxation which they enjoyed under the British protectorate; in lieu of this there is an ad valorem tax of 202% on exported oil and a tax of 6% on wine exported to Greek ports; these commodities are further liable to an export duty of 12%, which is levied on all agricultural produce and articles of local manufacture for the maintenance and construction of roads.

In 1916-7 the export of cotton reached 3,462,000 lb.; it fell to 866,000 lb.

The export of tobacco was 4,304,000 lb.

Over 95% of the export trade was with the British Empire, whence came over 70% of the imports.

In the last half of 1920 the great fall in prices, at a time when the administration had placed heavy export duties on cotton, tea and tobacco, caused a financial crisis.

In Burma, where the large waste area is being gradually brought under cultivation, there has been an almost uninterrupted increase in the area of the rice crop, and the rice export is one of the main industries of the province.

The economic value of this mountainous tract is almost confined to the export of forest produce.

The export trade is chiefly confined to agricultural produce.

In 1885 the rudest process of "placer" washing produced an export of gold dust amounting to 120,000 pounds; quartz-mining methods were subsequently introduced, and the annual declared value of gold produced rose to about 450,000 pounds; but much is believed to have been sent out of the country clandestinely.

The reefs were left untouched till 1897, when an American company, which had obtained a concession in Phyong-an Do in 1895, introduced the latest mining appliances, and raised the declared export of 1898 to 240,047 pounds, believed to represent a yield for that year of 600,000 pounds.

The trade of the port amounted in 1899 to 531,229, and in 1904 to X424,442, the principal import being cotton yarn and the principal export opium.

The town is very old and irregularly built, and the climate is unhealthy; nevertheless it has a lively export trade in sugar and coffee and is a regular port of call.

Matting of various kinds is very extensively employed throughout India for floor coverings, the bottoms of bedsteads, fans and fly-flaps, &c.; and a considerable export trade in such manufactures is carried on.

There is a large export trade in cheese and farm produce.

The average annual value of the trade for the period 1900-1907 was about £1,250,000, the annual export of rubber alone being worth £400,000 or more.

Truck gardening for export is an assured industry, especially in the north.

Unlike the Spartiates they might, and did, possess gold and silver and the iron and steel wares from the mines on Mt Taygetus, the shoes and woollen stuffs of Amyclae, and the import and export trade of Laconia and Messenia probably enabled some at least of them to live in an ease and comfort unknown to their Spartan lords.

The Kapuas valley has so far yielded the largest quantity, and Pontianak is, for diamonds, the principal port of export.

Iron-wood, remarkable for the durability of its timber, is abundant; it is used by the natives for the pillars of their homes and forms an article of export, chiefly to HongKong.

Gutta, rubber, rattans, mangrove-bark, edible nuts, guano, edible birds'-nests, &c., are all valuable articles of export.

The principal sources of revenue are the licences granted for the importation and retailing of opium, wine and spirits, which are in the hands of Chinese; a customs duty of 5% on imports; an export tax of 5 70 on jungle produce; a poll-tax sanctioned by ancient native custom; and a stamp duty.

The cocoa export is also small; tobacco, rice, beans and other crops are grown for local use.

Cattle-rearing is successfully pursued, live cattle and hides being important articles of export.

In 1895 an arrangement was made for the reduction of interest to 4%, the beginning of amortization, and the creation of "coffee warrants" to be used in the payment of export duties on coffee assigned for the service of the debt.

The bark of various Australian species, known as wattles, is also very rich in tannin and forms an important article of export.

There is a fair local trade in wheat and agricultural produce, also sheep and cattle, wool, hides and furs for export.

Excellent tobacco is grown in Shemsdinan for export to Persia.

The timber is brought by river from the forests of Russia, and is prepared for export in numerous saw-mills.

The chief industries are distilling, fisheries, shipbuilding and shipping, especially the export of coal and iron.

The growth of the export trade from Oporto with the rest of the world is principally due to the enormous increase in the quantity of wine sent to South America, chiefly Brazil, but only a small proportion of this (probably one-eighth) is port wine proper.

The output in 1906 amounted to 10,000 pipes (Madeira pipe =92 gallons) and the export to 6010 pipes, of which quantity 1951 pipes went to Germany, 1680 pipes to France, 796 pipes to Russia and 755 pipes to the United Kingdom.

It must be stated, nevertheless, that of recent years a decided improvement has set in in some quarters owing to the lively interest which the Italian government has taken in the subject, principally owing to the important export trade to America, Switzerland and other countries.

Since the recovery of the Hungarian vineyards from the phylloxera considerable efforts have been made to develop an export trade, but so far the wines of Hungary are not generally known in the United Kingdom.

There is a considerable export of currants and raisins and concentrated wine must from this country.

Remscheid is a centre of the hardware industry, and large quantities of tools, scythes, skates and other small articles in iron, steel and brass are made for export to all parts of Europe, the East, and North and South America.

It is estimated, however, that the domestic use of wood (especially for fuel) represents nearly five times as many cubic feet as the wood used for export in different shapes.

The prohibition of export of corn was an economic rather than a financial provision.

In the treatment of her subject allies Athens was more rigorous, general import and export duties of 5% being imposed on their trade.

In spite of certain prejudices against the import of luxuries and the export of gold, there is little indication of the influence of mercantilist or protectionist ideas.

All tithes have been abolished, except those on cereals, carobs, silk cocoons, and, in the form of to% ad valorem export duties, those on cotton, linseed, aniseed and raisins (all other export duties and a fishing tax have been abolished); (4) sheep, goat, and pig tax; (5) an excise on wine, spirits and tobacco; (6) import duties; (7) stamps, court fees, royalties, licenses, &c.; (8) salt monopoly.

Ship-building, which formerly was an important industry, has now been given up, but there is still a considerable export of teak and rice, and there are several steam riceand saw-mills.

In the Polyesie the principal occupations are connected with the export of timber and firewood, the preparation of pitch, tar, potash and wooden wares, and boat-building.

The imports average nearly 30% of those of the whole country, but the exports only 9%, Stockholm having proportionately little share in the vast timber export trade.

During the warmer months, however, the mountain sides are richly clothed with the foliage of maple, mountain ash, apple, pear and walnut trees; the orchards furnish, not only apples and pears, but peaches, cherries, mulberries and apricots; and the farmers grow sufficient corn to export.

Cereals are grown, but the inhabitants prefer to raise such articles of produce as are in demand for export, and consequently part of the grain supply has to be imported.

The export trade is chiefly in esparto grass, cereals, wines, olive oil, marbles, cattle and hides.

The export of coal greatly increased on the whole during the period 1890-1909.

Cattle-breeding flourishes, and meat and butter are constantly increasing items of export.

The harbour was built (1828) by the third marquis of Londonderry to facilitate the export of coal from the mines on his adjacent property.

In the great fir forests of the north the limit set in respect of cutting down living trees for sawing and export is a diameter of the trunk, without bark, of 84 in.

Other countries with which Sweden has mainly an export trade are France, the Netherlands and Norway.

The match and paper export trade is principally with the United Kingdom.

Other clauses dealt with the rights of the Laplanders to graze their reindeer alternatively in either country, - and with the question of transport of goods across the frontier by rail or other means of communication, so that the traffic should not be hampered by any import or export prohibitions or otherwise.

It is the chief centre of the farming country of the lower Fraser and has a small export lumber trade.

The population of Chile is largely concentrated in the twelve agricultural provinces between and including Coquimbo and Concepcion, though the next six provinces to the south, of more recent general settlement, have received some foreign immigrants, and are rapidly growing, In the desert provinces the population is limited to the mining communities, and to the ports and supply stations maintained for their support and for the transport, smelting and export of their produce.

Manganese ores are mined in Atacama and Coquimbo, and their export is large.

Among the non-metallic minerals are nitrate of soda, borate of lime, coal, salt and sulphur, together with various products derived from these minerals, such as iodine, sulphuric acid, &c. Guano is classed among the mineral products and still figures as an export, though the richest Chilean deposits were exhausted long before the war with Peru.

The first export of nitrates was in 1830, and in 1884 it reached an aggregate of 550,000 tons, and in 1905 of 1,603,140 tons.

Borate of lime also furnishes another important export, though a less valuable one than nitrate of soda.

Agriculture was the one resource of the colony, and wheat was grown for export to Peru, but the land was concentrated in the hands of a few big landowners, and the cultivation of the vine and olive was forbidden.

There is still a considerable export of cattle, hides and skins, but no effort is made to develop the production of jerked beef on a large scale.

Shawls are manufactured in Kerman and Meshed, and form an article of export, principally to Turkey.

The most important rice-growing districts which produce more than they require for local consumption and supply other districts, or export great quantities, are Astarabad, Mazandaran, Gilan, Veramin, (near Teheran).

The export of rice amounted to 52,200 tons in I9o6t9o7, and was valued at 472,550.

The tumbaku for export is chiefly produced in the central districts round about Isfahan and near Kashan, while the tumbaku of Shiraz, Fessa, and Darab in Fars, considered the best in Persia, is not much appreciated abroad.

Among the valuable vegetable products forming articles of export are various gums and dyes, the most important being gum tragacanth, which exudes from the astragalus plant in the hilly region from Kurdistan in the north-west to Kermn in the south-east.

The export of dyes in1906-1907was, 985 tons, valued at 32,326.

Forests and Timber.Timber from the forests of Mazandaran and Gilan has been a valuable article of export for many years, and since about 1870 large quantities of boxwood have also been exported thence; in some years the value of the timber and boxwood exported has exceeded 50,000.

Though at the outset a mere commercial offshoot of Liverpool, Birkenhead has acquired a large export trade in coal and manufactured articles, importing guano, grain and cattle in return.

The export trade is largely in barley, shipped to British and other maltsters.

The principal article of export is silk, which is produced in the district forming the river delta, extending from Canton to Macao and having its apex at San-shui Hien.

The chief export is palm kernels, the amount of palm oil exported being comparatively slight.

In the Cape, Natal and the Transvaal coal mining is largely developed; in the Transvaal and the Cape tobacco is grown extensively; sugar, tea and other tropical and sub-tropical produce are largely cultivated in Natal and the Portuguese territory, and, since 1905, mealies have become an important article of export.

The raw gold exported was worth £32,047,000 but the export of diamonds fell to £4,796,000.

They possessed numerous slaves, grew wheat in sufficient quantity to make it an article of export, and were famed for the good quality of their wines.

For a long period there has been from that region an export of mammoth-ivory, fit for commercial purposes, to China and to Europe.

In connexion with the wine trade there are many large cooperages; cork products are extensively manufactured for export.

Germany and the United States rank respectively second and third among the countries which export to Portugal; Spain, which buys bullocks and pigs, Brazil, which buys wine, and the Portuguese colonies, which buy textiles, are among the chief purchasers of Portuguese products.

The fruit, which is excellent in quality, is the principal export of the region.

While the export grain business had by 1909 shifted to ports in Oregon and Washington, San Francisco is the great receiving port for cereals on the Pacific Coast.

The export trade of the island centres here, and the city has regular communication by steamer with the chief American and Canadian ports.

The alpaca is highly prized for its fine wool, which is a staple export from Bolivia, but the animal is reared with difficulty and the product cannot be largely increased.

Coca is highly esteemed by the natives, who masticate the leaf, and is also an article of export for medicinal purposes.

The revenues are derived principally from duties and fees on imports, excise taxes on spirits, wines, tobacco and sugar, general, mining taxes and export duties on minerals (except silver), export duties on rubber and coca, taxes on the profits of stock companies, fees for licences and patents, stamp taxes, and postal and telegraph revenues.

It was also agreed that Chile should be allowed to mine and export the products of this district without tax or hindrance on the part of Bolivia.

The Jewish merchants carry on a considerable export trade in agricultural produce, and in timber and wooden wares from the forests to the north.

From 1709 to 1711 they had exported almost as much of Menshikov's corn as of that of the government, though the export of any corn from Russia, except in account of the Treasury, was a capital offence.

Fruit, especially plums, is very abundant and constitutes a great article of export.

The centre of the railway system, which had in 1898 a length of some 3500 m., or 30% of the total length of the Austrian railways, is Prague; and through the Elbe Bohemia has easy access to the sea for its export trade.

The export trade has been of slower but more steady growth.

Indicative of the fact that the agricultural community was little affected by the trade depression are the export figures for 1904 and 1906, which were £2,044,000 and £2,627,000 respectively.

Owing to the great railway which crosses the country from Riga to Smolensk, afterwards dividing into two branches, to Orenburg and Tsaritsyn on the lower Volga respectively, Riga is the storehouse and place of export for hemp coming by rail from west central Russia, and for corn, Riga merchants sending their buyers as far east as Tambov.

Up to 1773 the trade with China had been in the hands of the Portuguese, but in that year the East India Company took the trade under their own charge, and in 1776 the annual export reached 1000 chests, and 5054 chests in 1790.

At this meeting it was resolved that it was the duty of the respective governments to prevent the export of opium to any countries prohibiting its importation; that drastic measures should be taken against the use of morphine; that anti-opium remedies should be investigated; and that all countries having concessions in China should close the opium divans in their possessions.

The British government made an offer in 1907 to reduce the export of Indian opium to countries beyond the seas by 5100 chests, i.e.

Provision opium manufactured for' export, and Excise or Akbari opium intended for local consumption in India.

In Malwa the opium is manufactured by private enterprise, the government levying an export duty of 600 rupees (60) per chest.

This export of wheat continued until the days of Mithradates VI.

They maintained close relations with Athens, their best customers for the Bosporan corn export, of which Leucon I.

It depended for its prosperity upon the export of wheat, fish and slaves, and this commerce supported a class whose wealth and vulgarity are exemplified by the contents of the numerous tombs to which reference has been made.

Nikopol is, further, one of the chief places on the lower Dnieper for the export of corn, linseed, hemp and wool.

Other important articles of export, all to Russia, are cotton, carpets, shawls and turquoises, the last from the mines near Nishapur.

The ordinary cereals are all cultivated with success and there is generally a considerable surplus for export.

Wool is the staple export, and represents, in most years, one-third the value of the exports.

Gold coin and bullion form one of the principal items in the export list, but only a small portion of the export is of local production, the balance being Queensland and New Zealand gold sent to Sydney for coinage.

As a consequence of the second Punic War, Roman agriculture was at a standstill; accordingly, recourse was had to Sicily and Sardinia (the first two Roman provinces) in order to keep up the supply of corn; a tax of one-tenth was imposed on it, and its export to any country except Italy forbidden.

The chief products for export are copra, tortoise-shell, mother-of-pearl, sharks' fins and trepang.

The pearl export from Linja is valued at about £30,000 to £35,000 per annum.

Shipbuilding is carried on, and large quantities of sardines are canned for export.

On the north-east the great coal-field of Northumberland and Durham, traversed midway by the Tyne, supports the manufactures of Newcastle and its satellite towns, and leaves a great surplus for export from the Tyne ports.

The tonnage annually shipped ranges from about 42 millions of tons in the case of Newcastle to some half a million in the case of Liverpool; but the export trade of Cardiff in South Wales far surpasses that of any English port, being more than three times that of Newcastle in 1903.

Long after textile and other industries had been flourishing in the leading states of the continent, in the Netherlands, Flanders and France, England remained, as a whole, an agricultural and pastoral country, content to export her riches in wool, and to import them again, greatly enhanced in value, as clothing.

Brunswick's growth has been retarded by the successful rivalry of other cities,?notably Savannah; but it has a considerable export trade, principally in lumber, cross-ties and naval stores - its exports were valued at $13,387,838 in 1908--and various manufactories, including planing mills, cooperage works and oyster canneries.

There is an active export trade.

In 1891 the imposition of an export duty on ivory excited much ill-will, and when it became known that, in his march towards the Nile, van Kerckhoven had defeated an Arab force, the Arabs on the upper Congo determined to precipitate the conflict.

Nor can it be said that under their white masters the natives have become great agriculturists, though plantations have been established both by the state and private companies, and coffee, cocoa, tobacco, rice and maize are grown for export.

When the state was founded elephant and hippopotamus ivory formed for some years the most important article of export.

By agreement with France and Portugal, a common tariff (6% on most goods imported, to% on the export of ivory and india-rubber, 5% on other exports) was adopted by these powers and the Congo Free State.

The chief articles of export are coffee, skins, ivory, civet, ostrich feathers, gum, pepper, kat plant (used by Moslems for its stimulating properties), gold (in small quantities) and live stock.

There is also a large trade in timber and a considerable butter export.

The largest export was to the United States (£864,562), the next to Great Britain (£701,387), while the largest imports were from Great Britain (£1,233,410) and the United States (£807,564).

Owing to its position on the lake, and its excellent communications by rail and steamer, Managua obtained after 1855 an important export trade in coffee, sugar, cocoa and cotton, although in 1876 it was temporarily ruined by a great inundation.