Diphtheria Sentence Examples

diphtheria
  • The vexed question of the diagnosis of diphtheria is now a thing of the past.

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  • In the 1920s, we got a vaccine for diphtheria, pertussis, tuberculosis, and tetanus.

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  • Thus, to mention examples, diphtheria toxin produces inflammatory oedema which may be followed by necrosis; dead tubercle bacilli give rise to a tubercle-like nodule, &c. Furthermore, a bacillus may give rise to more than one toxic body, either as stages in one process of change or as distinct products.

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  • Thus the organisms of suppuration, tubercle, glanders, diphtheria, typhoid fever, cholera, tetanus, and others were identified, and their relationship to the individual diseases established.

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  • Thus paralysis following diphtheria is in all probability due to a different toxin from that which causes the acute symptoms of poisoning or possibly to a modification of it sometimes formed in specially large amount.

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  • Thus in cholera the bacteria are practically confined to the intestine, in diphtheria to the region of the false membrane, in tetanus to some wound.

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  • Diphtheria is a reportable disease in many countries in the world.

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  • Quite irrespective of the nature of the anatomical lesion, the finding of the diphtheria bacillus on the part affected and the inoculability of this upon a suitable fresh soil are the sole means by which the diagnosis can be made certain.

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  • In 1870 Pasteur had proved that a disease of silkworms was due to an organism of the nature of a bacterium; and in 1871 Oertel showed that a Micrococcus already known to exist in diphtheria is intimately concerned in producing that disease.

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  • In the case of diphtheria Sidney Martin obtained toxic albumoses in the spleen, which he considered were due to the digestive action of an enzyme formed by the bacillus in the membrane and absorbed into the circulation.

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  • Thus in diphtheria changes in both nerve cells and nerve fibres have been found, and in tetanus minute alterations in the nucleus and protoplasm of nerve cells.

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  • In the case of diphtheria the antitoxic power of the serum may reach Boo units per cubic centimetre, or even more.

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  • Such serums are injected subcutaneously in diphtheria, tetanus, streptococcic infections, plague, snake-poisoning, cholera and other similar diseases.

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  • The case fatality ratio for respiratory diphtheria is 5-10% .

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  • Diphtheria is also spread by droplet infection through close personal contact.

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  • Of such are tetanus and diphtheria, now known to be due to the establishment from without of a local microbic infection, from which focus a toxin is diffused to the nervous matter.

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  • The grave palsies in such diseases as influenza, diphtheria, beriberi, or ensuing on the absorption of lead, are in the main not central, but due to a symmetrical peripheral neuritis.

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  • Hospitals.-The Metropolitan Asylums Board, though established in 1867 purely as a poor-law authority for the relief of the sick, insane Metro- and infirm paupers, has become a central hospital authority for infectious diseases, with power to receive into politan its hospitals persons, who are not paupers, suffering from Asylums fever, smallpox or diphtheria.

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  • She returned to Darmstadt in the autumn, and on the 8th of November 1878 her daughter, Princess Victoria, was attacked by diphtheria.

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  • Epidemic outbreaks of other diseases - for instance, cholera, diphtheria and typhoid fever - are often preceded and followed by the prevalence of mild illness of an allied type; and t he true significance of this fact is one of the most important problems in epidemiology.

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  • This is most commonly and successfully used in the treatment of diphtheria.

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  • The serum, the strength of which has thus been ascertained, is distributed in bottles and injected in the proper quantity under the skin of children suffering from diphtheria.

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  • Yersin has prepared a serum from horses in the same way as diphtheria anti-toxin, and this is said to have a curative action during the attack.

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  • A similar result was also obtained in the case of diphtheria.

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  • In 1891, Emil von Behring produced an antitoxin from the blood of animals for curing diphtheria.

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  • These include plague, cholera, diphtheria, yellow fever, dengue and TB.

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  • Product Overview TransMID TM is a modified diphtheria toxin conjugated to transferrin.

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  • A year later Friedrich Loffler isolated and grew it, proving that it caused diphtheria by injecting it into various animals.

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  • The vaccine is designed to prevent diphtheria, tetanus, pertussis, hepatitis B and polio.

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  • Anyone catching diphtheria will be hospitalized immediately and will probably be put on a respirator to help them breathe.

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  • The most common form of non-respiratory diphtheria is cutaneous diphtheria; other forms include conjunctival, otic and genital lesions.

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  • And health was also not improved e.g. diphtheria and scarlet fever increased.

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  • The Committee was informed that the Department was having increasing difficulty in getting supplies of single low dose diphtheria vaccine.

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  • This document describes what causes calf diphtheria, clinical signs and symptoms, diagnosis, available treatments, and prevention and control measures.

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  • Once inside a cell the diphtheria toxin interferes with protein synthesis which ultimately kills the cancer cell.

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  • These pediatric formulations have the same amount of tetanus toxoid as adult formulations, but contain between three and four times more diphtheria toxoid.

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  • Medical science further owes to him the classification of new growths on a natural histological basis, the elucidation of leucaemia, glioma and lardaceous tumours, and detailed investigations into many diseases - tuberculosis, pyaemia, diphtheria, leprosy, typhus, &c. Among the books he published on pathological and medical subjects may be mentioned Vorlesungen fiber Pathologic, the first volume of which was the Cellular-pathologic (1858), and the remaining three Die Krankhaften Geschwiilste (1863-67); Handbuch der speziellen Pathologic and Therapie (3 vols., 1854-62), in collaboration with other German surgeons; Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur wissenschaftlichen Medizin (1856); Vier Reden fiber Leben and Kranksein (1862); Untersuchungen fiber die Entwicklung des Schlidelgrundes (1857); Lehre von den Trichinen (1865); Ueber den Hunger-typhus (1868); and Gesammelte Abhandlungen aus dem Gebiete der afentlichen Medizin and der Seuchenlehre (1879).

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  • When we consider that tuberculosis, diphtheria, cholera, tetanus, typhoid fever, anthrax, malaria and a host of other contagious diseases have each been proved to be of parasitical origin, an idea may be conve y ed of the range of the subject.

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  • The rapid diagnosis of diphtheria, by recognizing its bacillus, has enabled the practitioner of medicine to commence the treatment early, and it has also enabled the medical officer of health to step in and insist on the isolation of affected persons before the disease has had time to spread.

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  • One of the most remarkable practical outcomes of germ-pathology, however, has been the production of the immunized sera now employed so extensively in the treatment of diphtheria and other contagious diseases.

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  • Among these should be mentioned John Fothergill (1712-1780), who investigated the "putrid sore throat" now called diphtheria, and the form of neuralgia popularly known as tic douloureux.

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  • Vaccinations are an effective method of preventing certain disease such as polio, tetanus, pertussis, diphtheria, influenza, hepatitis b, and pneumococcal infections.

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  • The vaccine used in the United States is actually multiple diphtheria and tetanus toxoids combined with acellular pertussis (DTaP).

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  • Diphtheria is a potentially fatal disease that usually involves the nose, throat, and air passages, but may also infect the skin.

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  • Routine vaccination has almost eradicated diphtheria from the United States, but it is still seen in many parts of the world.

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  • Diphtheria and tetanus toxoids and acellular pertussis, taken together, provides immunity against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

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  • These organisms include non-hemolytic and alpha-hemolytic streptococci, some Neisseria species, staphylococci, diphtheria and hemophilus organisms, pneumococci, yeasts, and Gram-negative rods.

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  • Besides other varieties of strep organisms, these organisms may include Candida albicans, which can cause thrush; Corynebacterium diphtheriae, which can cause diphtheria; and Bordetella pertussis, which can cause whooping cough.

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  • Vaccinations given in childhood have made diphtheria very rare in the United States.

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  • Other types of bacteria are also occasionally responsible for this infection, including some types of Streptococcus bacteria and the bacteria responsible for causing diphtheria.

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  • For children, vaccination against tetanus is normally included in a vaccine called DTaP that protects against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough (acellular pertussis).

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  • A careful examination of the throat is necessary to rule out diphtheria and other conditions that may cause a sore throat.

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  • At age 11 or 12, Td vaccine (tetanus and diphtheria) should be given if at least five years have elapsed since the last dose of DTaP.

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  • The pertussis vaccine, most often given as one immunization together with diphtheria and tetanus, has greatly reduced the incidence of whooping cough.

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  • Diphtheria is a potentially fatal, contagious disease that usually involves the nose, throat, and air passages but may also infect the skin.

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  • Like many other upper respiratory diseases, diphtheria is most likely to break out during the winter months.

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  • Persons who have not been immunized may get diphtheria at any age.

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  • It is vital to seek medical help at once when diphtheria is suspected, because treatment requires emergency measures for adults as well as children.

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  • The symptoms of diphtheria are caused by toxins produced by the diphtheria bacillus, Corynebacterium diphtheriae (from the Greek for "rubber membrane").

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  • Inside the membrane, the bacteria produce an exotoxin, which is a poisonous secretion that causes the life-threatening symptoms of diphtheria.

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  • The signs and symptoms of diphtheria vary according to the location of the infection.

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  • Nasal diphtheria produces few symptoms other than a watery or bloody discharge.

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  • Nasal infection rarely causes complications by itself, but it is a public health problem because it spreads the disease more rapidly than other forms of diphtheria.

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  • Pharyngeal diphtheria gets its name from the pharynx, which is the part of the upper throat that connects the mouth and nasal passages with the voice box.

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  • This is the most common form of diphtheria, causing the characteristic throat membrane.

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  • Laryngeal diphtheria, which involves the voice box or larynx, is the form most likely to produce serious complications.

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  • This form of diphtheria, which is sometimes called cutaneous diphtheria, accounts for about 33 percent of all diphtheria cases.

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  • Any break in the skin can become infected with diphtheria.

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  • The infected tissue develops an ulcerated area, and a diphtheria membrane may form over the wound but is not always present.

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  • A doctor should be called whenever a case of diphtheria is suspected.

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  • Because diphtheria must be treated as quickly as possible, doctors usually make the diagnosis on the basis of the visible symptoms without waiting for test results.

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  • The most important single symptom that suggests diphtheria is the membrane.

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  • When a person develops skin infections during an outbreak of diphtheria, the doctor will consider the possibility of cutaneous diphtheria and take a smear to confirm the diagnosis.

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  • The diagnosis of diphtheria can be confirmed by the results of a culture obtained from the infected area.

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  • The diphtheria bacillus is Gram-positive which means it holds the dye after the slide is rinsed with alcohol.

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  • Under the microscope, diphtheria bacilli look like beaded rod-shaped cells, grouped in patterns that resemble Chinese characters.

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  • Another laboratory test involves growing the diphtheria bacillus on a special material called Loeffler's medium.

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  • Diphtheria is a serious disease requiring hospital treatment in an intensive care unit if the person has developed respiratory symptoms.

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  • The most important step is prompt administration of diphtheria antitoxin, without waiting for laboratory results.

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  • People who are sensitive (about 10%) must be desensitized with diluted antitoxin, since as of 2004 the antitoxin is the only specific substance that counteracts diphtheria exotoxin.

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  • No human antitoxin is available for the treatment of diphtheria.

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  • Diphtheria antitoxin is usually given intravenously.

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  • Persons with diphtheria require bed rest with intensive nursing care, including extra fluids, oxygenation, and monitoring for possible heart problems, airway blockage, or involvement of the nervous system.

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  • People with laryngeal diphtheria are kept in a croup tent or high-humidity environment; they may also need throat suctioning or emergency surgery if their airway is blocked.

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  • People recovering from diphtheria should rest at home for a minimum of two to three weeks, especially if they have heart complications.

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  • In addition, persons should be immunized against diphtheria after recovery, because having the disease does not always induce antitoxin formation and protect them from reinfection.

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  • People with diphtheria who develop myocarditis may be treated with oxygen and with medications to prevent irregular heart rhythms.

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  • Nasal and cutaneous diphtheria are rarely fatal.

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  • Universal immunization is the most effective means of preventing diphtheria.

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  • Individuals with diphtheria must be isolated for one to seven days or until two successive cultures show that the individuals are no longer contagious.

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  • Because diphtheria is highly contagious and has a short incubation period, family members and other contacts of persons with diphtheria must be watched for symptoms and tested to see if they are carriers.

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  • Reporting is necessary for tracking potential epidemics, to help doctors identify the specific strain of diphtheria, and to see if resistance to penicillin or erythromycin has developed.

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  • Parents in the United States should ensure that their children have full immunizations against diphtheria.

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  • Diphtheria-tetanus-pertussis (DTP) vaccine-The standard vaccine used to immunize children against diphtheria, tetanus, and whooping cough.

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  • Loeffler's medium-A special substance used to grow diphtheria bacilli to confirm the diagnosis.

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  • Less often, the hypertrophy is due to repeated throat infections by cold viruses, strep throat, mononucleosis, and in the past, diphtheria.

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  • The Diphtheria, Tetanus, and Pertussis (DTaP) vaccine is also administered to infants, and it once contained trace amounts of thimerosal.

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  • The most unhealthy period is from 1st May to 31st October, when there are, from time to time, outbreaks of typhoid, small-pox, diphtheria and other epidemics.

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  • In practical medicine the subsequent results of Behring and his followers have in diphtheria attained a signal therapeutical success.

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  • Diphtheria, long no doubt a plague among mankind, was not carefully described until by Pierre Bretonneau in 1826; and since his time our conception of this disease has been extended by the study of later, secondary and incidental phases of it, such as neuritis, which had always formed part of the diphtheritic series, though the connexion had not been detected.

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  • Again, all accounts of diphtheria show a tendency on the part of the disease to recur in the same districts year after year.

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  • Greenhow in 1858 stated that diphtheria was especially prevalent on cold, wet soils, and Airy in 1881 described the localities affected as " for the most part cold, wet, clay lands."

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  • In the laboratory absolute soil dryness is as distinctly antagonistic to the vitality of the diphtheria bacillus as soil dampness is favourable.

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  • Oxygen may be applied locally as a disinfectant to foul and diseased surfaces by the use of the peroxide of hydrogen, which readily parts with its oxygen; a solution of hydrogen peroxide therefore forms a valuable spray in diphtheria, tonsillitis, laryngeal tuberculosis and ozaena.

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  • A later research by Brieger along with Fraenkel pointed to the extracellular toxins of diphtheria, tetanus and other diseases being of proteid nature, and various other observers have arrived at a like conclusion.

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  • In other cases such changes cannot be detected, and the only evidence of their occurrence may be the associated symptoms. The very important work of Ehrlich on diphtheria toxin shows that in the molecule of toxin there are at least two chief atom groups - one, the " haptophorous," by which the toxin molecule is attached to the cell protoplasm; and the other the " toxophorous," which has a ferment-like action on the living molecule, producing a disturbance which results in the toxic symptoms. On this theory, susceptibility to a toxin will imply both a chemical affinity of certain tissues for the toxin molecule and also sensitiveness to its actions, and, furthermore, non-susceptibility may result from the absence of either of these two properties.

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  • On the whole Hungary is a healthy country, excepting in the marshy tracts, where intermittent fever and diphtheria sometimes occur with great virulence.

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  • Amongst these may be mentioned the neutralizing of the toxins in cases of diphtheria, tetanus and poisonous snake-bite; " serum therapeutics "; and treatment by " vaccines."

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  • By the continuous injections under the skin, in increasing doses, of the toxins of certain pathogenic micro-organisms, such as that of diphtheria, an animal-usually the horse-may be rendered completely refractory to the disease.

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  • Diphtheria first appeared in 1868 and continued as a severe epidemic until 1872, since when it has only occurred at rare intervals and in isolated cases.

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  • The facts with regard to passive immunity were thus established and were put to practical application by the introduction of diphtheria antitoxin as a therapeutic agent in 1894.

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