Defects Sentence Examples
The defects of Descartes lie rather in his apparently imperfect apprehension of the principle of movements uniformly accelerated which his contemporary Galileo had illustrated and insisted upon, and in the indistinctness which attaches to his views of the transmission of motion in cases of impact.
Defects in their arguments have been exposed to view by those who are most concerned to defend their reputation.
Daru, in his history of Venice, mentions fourteen between the years 1207 and 1365, the most important being that of 1361-1364, - a revolt not of the natives against the rule of their Venetian masters, but of the Venetian colonists against the republic. But with all its defects their administration did much to promote the material prosperity of the country, and to encourage commerce and industry; and it is probable that the island was more prosperous than at any subsequent time.
His qualities and his defects were alike exhibited on a generous scale; and if his greed and arrogance were colossal, so were his administrative capacity and his appetite for work.
Two supplementary parts were issued in 1835 and 1840 respectively, and the work for many years deservedly maintained the highest position as the authority on European ornithology-indeed in England it may almost without exaggeration be said to have been nearly the only foreign ornithological work known; but, as could only be expected, grave defects are now to be discovered in it.
There were moreover special local causes such as undoubted defects in the Natal administration.'
He discerned their capabilities, studied their characters, and sought to remedy their defects by frank and searching criticism.
The town of Bourke, lying on the upper Darling, may be taken as an example of many of the interior districts, and illustrates peculiarly well the defects as well as the excellencies of the climate of the whole region.
Modern mathematicians may find on reading this brilliant summary a good many dicta which they will call in question, but, whatever its defects may be, Peacock's report remains a work of permanent value.
Twenty years of experience and observation had revealed the defects of the earlier legislation, and had concentrated public attention more intelligently than ever before upon the problem of strengthening the weak spots.
AdvertisementWhile failing to correct all the defects in the original statute, the amended law was a decided step in the direction of efficient regulation.
To remedy these defects vestibules were introduced, to enclose the platform with a housing so arranged as to be continuous when the cars are made up into trains, and fitted with side doors for ingress and egress when the trains are standing.
The apology for the necessary defects of a translation put forward by the translator of Ecclesiasticus in his Prologue shows that the work was carried on beyond the limits of the Law.
Mill was earnestly opposed to the transfer, and the documents in which he substantiated the proud boast for the Company that "few governments, even under far more favourable circumstances, have attempted so much for the good of their subjects or carried so many of their attempts to a beneficial issue," and exposed the defects of the proposed new government, are models of trenchant and dignified pleading.
No economic doctrine so well illustrates the achievements and the defects of modern economic analysis.
AdvertisementThe combination of these three facts will of itself explain some defects, or even retrogressions, observable in Nitzsch's later systematic work when compared with that which he had formerly done.
The scientific training which Bacon had received, mainly from the study of the Arab writers, showed him the manifold defects in the systems reared by these doctors.
While Jerusalem possessed these advantages, Antioch was not without its defects.
Poggio's History of Florence, written in avowed imitation of Livy's manner, requires separate mention, since it exemplifies by its defects the weakness of that merely stylistic treatment which deprived so much of Bruni's, Carlo Aretino's and Bembo's work of historical weight.
His duties are described in detail by the king's regulations, but may be summed up as consisting of seeing that the charges are in order, pointing out any informalities or defects in the charges or in the constitution of the court, seeing that any witness required by prosecutor or prisoner is summoned, keeping the minutes of the proceedings, advising on matters of law which arise at any time after the warrant for the courtmartial is issued, drawing up the findings and sentence, and forwarding the minutes when completed to the admiralty.
AdvertisementNotwithstanding some obvious moral and intellectual defects, he was the most eminent and the most disinterested of those who had co-operated with William I.
With all its defects, Der fliegende Hollander is the most masterly and the least unequal of Wagner's early works.
To handle these so successfully that we can discriminate defects from qualities at all, is proof of the technique of a master, even though the faults extend to whole categories of literature.
But the material was also subject to other defects, such as moisture lurking between the layers, which might be detected by strokes of the mallet; spots or stains; and spongy strips (taeniae), in which the ink would run and spoil the sheet.
The conclusion of peace was welcomed by Selim as the opportunity for carrying out reforms, of which he thoroughly realized the necessity in every branch of the administration, and especially in the army, to whose defects the disasters of the state were due.
AdvertisementWe find in them the same beauties and the same defects that we observe in the production of the Iranian authors.
Organization and tactics did not affect the issue directly, for the conduct of the men and their junior officers gave abundant proof that in the hands of a competent leader the " linear " principle of delivering one shattering blow would have proved superior to that of a gradual attrition of the enemy here, as on the battlefields of the Peninsula and at Waterloo, and this in spite of other defects in the training of the Prussian infantry which simultaneously caused its defeat on the neighbouring field of Auerstadt.
His chief defects as a historian are want of imagination and an undignified familiarity of style, which, however, at least preserves his history from the dulness by which lack of imagination is usually accompanied.
He served in the Congress of the Confederation from 1783 to 1786 and was there conspicuous for his vigorous insistence upon the right of the United States to the navigation of the Mississippi River, and for his attempt, in 1785, to secure for the weak Congress the power to regulate commerce, in order to remove one of the great defects in the existing central government.
In the Itthon (At Home), by Alois Degre (1877), the tale is made the medium for a satirical attack upon official corruption and Hungarian national vanity; and in the Almok dlmodoja (Dreamer of Dreams), by John Asboth (1878), other national defects are aimed at.
Educability, defects or excellences, or peculiarities of mind or body, can be handed on from parent to offspring by protoplasmic continuity in reproduction.
Blemishes in the stock, defects of mind or body, though they may be to some extent corrected in the individual by training, cannot be got rid of from the stock by any such process.
A defective stock, if allowed to breed, will perpetuate its defects, in spite of the concealment of those defects in an individual by training or other treatment.
But the trying winter campaign in the Crimea also brought into prominence defects perhaps traceable to his long connexion with the formalities and uniform regulations of military offices in peace time.
Bertillonage exhibited certain defects which were first brought to light in Bengal.
At the risk no doubt of some defects of culture, the newer education cleared the way for a more positive temper, awoke a new sense of accuracy and of verification, and created a sceptical attitude towards all conventions, whether of argument or of practice.
Thus the defects, whether of this secretion or of that, and again of motor activity, the state of the valvular junctions, the volume of the cavities, and their position in the abdomen, may be ascertained, and dealt with as far as may be; so that, although the fluctuations of chemical digestion are still very obscure, the application of remedies after a mere traditional routine is no longer excusable.
But even in these books defects are present, which appear much more strongly in the singular olla podrida entitled Essai sur les me urs, in the Annales de l'empire and in the minor historical works.
Nowhere, perhaps, except when he is dealing with religion, are Voltaire's defects felt more than here.
As regards the generation of electric energy, by pointing out defects of design in the dynamo as it existed about 1878, and showing.
With the exception of the heavier flint (lead) glasses, these can be produced so as to be free both from noticeable colour and from such defects as bubbles, opaque inclusions or " striae," but extreme care in the choice of all the raw materials and in all the manipulations is required to ensure this result.
It must be admitted that, by the aid of certain of these new constituents, glasses can be produced which, as regards purity of colour, freedom from defects and chemical stability are equal or even superior to the best of the " ordinary " glasses, but it is a remarkable fact that when this is the case the optical properties of the new glass do not fall very widely outside the limits set by the older glasses.
While such minute and gradual variations are harmless for most optical purposes, sudden variations which generally take the form of striae or veins are fatal defects in all optical glass.
The pieces of glass are then examined for the detection of the grosser defects, and obviously defective pieces are rejected.
To make a really good mirror of glass two things are required - a plate free from bubbles and striae, and a method of applying a film of metal with a uniform bright surface free from defects.
The earliest writers upon cholera emphasized its remarkable preference for particular places; and the history of each successive epidemic implies, besides an importation of the contagion, certain local conditions which may be either general sanitary defects or peculiarities of climate and soil.
In spite of a too indulgent view of his hero's defects, and some over-credulity, Arrian's is the most complete and trustworthy account of Alexander that we possess.
But the only hitherto apparent evidence of such defects is an excessive clinging to the letter of the law; a marked reluctance to exercise discretion; and that, perhaps, i5 attributable rather to the habit of obedience.
In spite of their artistic defects, these specimens were exported in considerable numbers by merchants in the foreign settlements, and their first cost being very low, they found a not unreniunerative market.
Now, however, they have lost these defects and entered a period of considerable excellence.
The defects of divided ownership had long suggested the expediency of nationalization, but not until 1906 could the diet be induced to give its consent.
When quite a boy he checked his own tendency to fits of passion on learning that his father trusted him to cure his defects.
The choice of his governor, the patriotic historiographer Hans Svaning, was so far fortunate that it ensured the devotion of the future king of Denmark to everything Danish; but Svaning was a poor pedagogue, and the wild and wayward lad suffered all his life from the defects of his early training.
Many of these defects, however, he is considered to have remedied in his second edition (1857).
He had public and private audiences with the pope on the 9th of April and the 11th of May 1848, but recorded next to nothing in his diary concerning them, though numerous other entries show an eager interest in everything connected with the Roman Church, and private papers also indicate that he recognized at this time grave defects in the Church of England and a mysterious attractiveness in Roman Catholicism, going so far as to question whether he might not one day be a Roman Catholic himself.
The fact that it exactly reproduces both the qualities and the literary defects of Caesarius is a strong argument in favour of Morin's suggestion that he may have been the author.
To the defects of Machiavelli's education we may, in part at least, ascribe the peculiar vigour of his style and his speculative originality.
This plan, though mechanically a very good one, has certain defects, especially in the possibility of danger resulting from the rope slipping sideways, if the grooves in the bed are not perfectly true.
In 1804 were also delivered the noble lectures entitled Grundziige des gegenwdrtigen Zeitalters (Characteristics of the Present Age, 1804), containing a most admirable analysis of the Aufkltirung, tracing the position of such a movement of thought in the natural evolution of the general human consciousness, pointing out its inherent defects, and indicating as the ultimate goal of progress the life of reason in its highest aspect as a belief in the divine order of the universe.
He was removed at the age of eight to the College d'Harcourt at Paris (now the Lycee St Louis), where his rich intellectual gifts enabled him to make good by private study the defects of the training there imparted.
It is superior on the whole to the Porphyrian scheme, which has grave defects.
In spite of the defects of Kant's statement - to which it is necessary to return - the place of the concepts and ideals of the mind and the synthetic organizing 1 Kritik d.
They were narrow but strong; no better example can be imagined of what the French call " the defects of one's qualities."
But while there was no doubt as to the shooting capacities of these guns, defects in the breech mechanism soon became equally patent, and in a few years caused a reversion to muzzle-loading.
These defects were all overcome in later patterns and an important addition made, viz.
The pioneer work of the census of 1840 in the fields of educational statistics, statistics of occupations, of defective classes and of causes of death, suffered from numerous errors and defects.
The census of agriculture is also liable to a wide margin of error, owing to defects in farm accounts and the inability of many farmers to state the amount or the value even of the leading crops.
His sole object, the author says, is to leave for his friends and relations a mental portrait of himself, defects and all; he cares neither for utility nor for fame.
The continuous progress of society, it said, had made increased demands on the administration, that is to say, it was assumed that reform was not demanded so much by the defects of the administration but by the progress of the times, not because the administration was bad, but because life was better.
Adamson was a man of many gifts, learned and eloquent, but with grave defects of character.
The defects of all sentimental writing are noticeable in him, but they are palliated by his wonderful feeling, and by the passionate sincerity even of his insincere passages.
On the other hand, he is wholly without originality, and his poetry, though free from glaring defects, is artificial and elaborately dull.
Notwithstanding its defects, Froude's History is a great achievement; it presents an important and powerful account of the Reformation period in England, and lays before us a picture of the past magnificently conceived, and painted in colours which will never lose their freshness and beauty.
Its defects may be referred in the main to four heads.
No one ever excelled him in daring and resource as a naval officer, but he suffered from serious defects of character, and even those who think him guiltless of the charge on which he was convicted in 1814 must feel that he had his own imprudence and want of self-command to thank for many of his misfortunes.
In making allowance for the defects (without which they would probably not have appealed to the age) it must be remembered that some of the Rabbis themselves recognized that the Midrashic Haggada was not always estimable.
The groundwork was a mixture of copper and brass, either metal alone having serious defects.
It was during this struggle that Mariana, the historian and the author of the famous De rege in which he defends tyrannicide, wrote his treatise On the Defects in the Government of the Society.
To correct these defects the line was completely rebuilt and terminal ports constructed.
But though his natural defects of intellect and will-power were not improved by the pedantic tutoring to which he was submitted, he grew up pious, honest and well-meaning; and had fate cast him in any but the most stormy times of his country's history he might well have left the reputation of a model king.
Momus is reported to have burst with chagrin at being unable to find any but the most trifling defects in Aphrodite.
The defects of this method are that the tops are liable to split in the brake and the butts to remain foul.
On the other hand reflection on past events made clear to him not only the sufferings but the defects and follies of the national heroes, and from henceforth, for the first time, we notice a bitterly humorous vein in his writings.
These defects have long been felt, but Congress is not disposed either to admit officials to attend its sittings or to modify the methods to which it has grown accustomed.
It was born during the era of the American Civil War, and was planned to correct defects which time had revealed in the American federation.
Moreover, it is clear that Aristotle addressed himself to readers as well as hearers, as in concluding his whole theory of syllogisms he says, " There would remain for all of you or for our hearers (763,7 co y uµWV rt T&?v ipcpoapEVwv) a duty of according to the defects of the investigation consideration, to its discoveries much gratitude " (Sophistical Elenchi, 34, 184 b 6).
But he also had the defects of his qualities, and could display on occasion a certain cruelty and callousness of disposition.
With all these defects, however, Berkeley's new conception marks a distinct stage of progress in human thought.
The comparatively small area of Krause's influence was due partly to the overshadowing brilliance of Hegel, and partly to two intrinsic defects.
His defects as a debater were not compensated entirely by the excellence of his set speeches; but his wide culture and powerful intellect were bound to leave their mark on affairs.
Although even good membranes of copper ferrocyanide are rarely perfectly semi-permeable, and in other membranes such as indiarubber, &c., which have been used, the defects from the theoretical values of the equilibrium pressure are very great, yet, in the light of the exact verification of theory given by the experiments described above, it is evident that such failures to reach the limiting value in no wise invalidate the theory of osmotic equilibrium.
These defects will no doubt be overcome as concrete grows in popularity as a building material and its aesthetic treatment is better understood.
Such cases suggest that we should be more correct in regarding, not albinism as correlated with constitutional defects, but rather pigmentation as correlated with powers of immunity or increased resistance against certain injurious processes.
He had conspicuous defects both in spirit and intellect, but was benevolent and philanthropic. He was a successful botanist.
In spite of his violent partisanship, for Richerus was an ardent upholder of the Carolings and French supremacy,-of great defects of style, and of an utter disregard of accuracy and truth, his Historiae has a unique value as giving us the only tolerably full account by a contemporary of the memorable revolution of 987, which placed the Capets on the throne of France.
The defects which cause gardeners to speak of certain vines as " shy setters," and of certain strawberries as " blind," may be due either to unsuitable conditions of external temperature, or to the non-accomplishment, from some cause or other, of cross-fertilization.
He saw clearly the inherent defects of the existing federation, and he wished to remedy a system which was so complicated as to be at times almost unworkable.
Steel ingots and other steel castings are subject to three kinds of defects so serious as to deserve notice here.
His very defects were among the chief elements of Pelham's success, for one with a strong personality, moderate self-respect, or high conceptions of statesmanship could not have restrained the discordant elements of the cabinet for any length of time.
The central canal, or Menufia, was more or less finished, and, although full of defects, has done good service.
Most of its defects had been remedied, but one remained.
In spite of its defects, however, the Bibliotheca is of considerable value as to some extent supplying the loss of the works of older authors, from which it is compiled.
Notwithstanding the defects of Louiss personal character his reign is one of the most important in German history.
The spiritual princes, besides displaying all the faults of the secular princes, had special defects of their own; and as simony was universally practised, the lives of multitudes of the inferior clergy were a public scandal, while their services were cold and unimpressive.
The moral and intellectual defects of Sicilian society are in part results of the economic difficulties, and in part the effect of bad customs introduced or maintained during the long period of Sicilian isolation from the rest of Europe.
The policy, which Thucydides and Grote commend, had grave defects - though it is by no means easy to suggest a better; e.g.
His chief defects are a somewhat pretentious and at the same time monotonous style, and a want of sympathy and intensity.
Though not free from defects, this edition is absolutely indispensable for the study of the chronicles and the mutual relations of the different MSS.
In man, actually gross sensory defects follow even limited lesions of the cortex.
As for the denunciations, apart from the charge of insincerity, it appears that the scribes in question are pilloried for the defects - or the excesses - of their qualities.
Whatever his defects as a statesman, he was a gallant soldier, a man of culture and a loyal servant.
The result was that Carlyle was too often judged by his defects, and regarded as a selfish and eccentric misanthrope with flashes of genius, rather than as a man with many of the highest qualities of mind and character clouded by constitutional infirmities.
Yet it would be difficult to speak too strongly of the great qualities which underlay the superficial defects.
To a later generation it will probably appear that, whatever the exaggerations and the misconceptions to which he was led, his vehement attacks at least called attention to rather grave limitations and defects in the current beliefs and social tendencies of the time.
But the best evidence of Hegel's attention to contemporary politics is two unpublished essays - one of them written in 1798, " On the Internal Condition of Wurttemberg in Recent Times, particularly on the Defects in the Magistracy," the other a criticism on the constitution of Germany, written, probably, not long after the peace of Luneville (1801).
In the beginning of the Encyklopadie he discusses the defects of dogmatism, empiricism, the philosophies of Kant and Jacobi.
In 1786, supported also by such scholars as Benjamin Kennicott and Robert Lowth, Geddes published a Prospectus of a new Translation of the Holy Bible, a considerable quarto volume, in which the defects of previous translations were fully pointed out, and the means indicated by which these might be removed.
The same dialogue shows him to be alive to its dangers and defects.
In order to remedy these defects primary education was made a first charge upon provincial revenues, and a permanent annual grant of 213,000 was made from the central government, with the result that thousands of new primary schools have since been opened.
The motors were practically useless on account of mechanical defects and were abandoned early in the great march.
He came into touch with advanced methods of scientific research, acquired great ability as a writer, keen perception of truth and an unflinching realization of the defects of his own people, and the unpleasant but essential fact that to have better government they must first deserve it.
The Defects Of The Earlier Work From An Electrical Point Of View Lay Chiefly In The Difficulty Of Measuring The Current With Sufficient Accuracy Owing To The Imperfect Development Of The Science Of Electrical Measurement.
But he laid too much stress on reasoning as syllogism or deduction, and on deductive science; and he laid too much stress on the linguistic analysis of rational discourse into proposition and terms. These two defects remain ingrained in technical logic to this day.
But in the course of the development of the science, logicians have endeavoured to correct those defects, and have diverged into two schools.
It exhibits, more clearly perhaps than any other of Morison's works, both his merits and his defects.
In spite of these defects, his speculations have exercised a remarkable influence.
To meet these defects it is found that numerous species encourage or demand the companionship of various zoophytes, simple or colonial.
Notwithstanding these defects, inevitable in a writer of Guicciardini's temperament, the Storia d'Italia was undoubtedly the greatest historical work that had appeared since the beginning of the modern era.
On the whole, both their merits and their defects are such as we should expect to find in the work of the poet celebrated by Bmda, and it seems possible, though hardly more than possible, that we have in these pieces a comparatively little altered specimen of Cmdmon's compositions.
His first instrument, the open-test apparatus, was prescribed by the act of 1868, but, being found to possess certain defects, it was superseded in 1879 by the Abel close-test instrument (see Petroleum).
The defects of the financial organization were a serious influence in the complex of causes that brought about the fall of the Republic.
In addition to its value as illustrating the difficulties and defects that beset the development of a complex financial organization from the simpler forms of the city and the province, Roman finance is of special importance in consequence of its place as supplying a model or rather a guide for the administration of the states that arose on its ruins.
Retting or rotting is an operation of the greatest importance, and one in connexion with which in recent years numerous experiments have been made, and many projects and processes put forth, with the view of remedying the defects of the primitive system or altogether supplanting it.
Viewed as a whole they have the characteristics of other Palestinian literature, the merits and defects of other oriental works.
A modification of the method was designed to remedy these defects.
But theory is one thing and practice another; and he will often lay most stress on the theory who is most conscious of defects in the practice.
Hence the terms Utopia and Utopian are also used to denote any visionary scheme of reform or social theory, especially those which fail to recognize defects inherent in human nature.
The Riksdag of 190o, in addition to grants for the fortifications at Boden, in the province of Norrbotten, on the Russian border, and other military objects, voted a considerable grant for an experimental mobilization, which fully exposed the defects and faults of the old system.
Several new and powerful cruisers were added to the navy, and the internal economy of this branch of the national defence was thoroughly inspected and many defects were remedied.
Year after year the shortcomings and defects were emphasized and some better means of protection were constantly advocated.
The experience of the 18th century disclosed defects in the procedure for obtaining liberty in cases not covered by the act of 167 9.
But these defects were known only to the inner circle of his associates.
Some were content to argue their own ideas into Scripture, and those they disliked out of it; to one or two it seemed a satisfaction to discover difficulties in Scripture, to point to historical inaccuracies and moral defects.
But his operations were based upon fatal defects, positive and negative.
But, if this ever-present consciousness often gives dignity and elevation to his narrative, it is also responsible for some of its defects.
The majority of the Roman annalists were men of high birth and education, with a long experience of affairs, and their defects did not arise from seclusion of life or ignorance of letters.
To these defects in his method must be added the fact that he does not always succeed even in accurately reproducing the authority he is for the time following.
Serious as these defects in Livy's method appear if viewed in the light of modern criticism, it is probable that they were easily pardoned, if indeed they were ever discovered, by his contemporaries.
But in spite of its defects the Church History is a monumental work, which need only be compared with its continuations by Socrates, Sozomen, Theodoret, Rufinus and others, to be appreciated at its true worth.
The want of progress in agriculture was not to be ascribed to defects of climate or soil, but chiefly to the great distance of Australia from the markets of the world.
The defects of Petrarch's character were no less striking than its qualities, and were indeed their complement and counterpart.
There is therefore a certain element of artificiality in his treatment; and this, since it is easier to copy defects than excellencies, has been perpetuated with wearisome monotony by versifiers who chose him for their model.
His address before the graduating class of the divinity school at Cambridge, in 1838, was an impassioned protest against what he called "the defects of historical Christianity" (its undue reliance upon the personal authority of Jesus, and its failure to explore the moral nature of man as the fountain of established teaching), and a daring plea for absolute selfreliance and a new inspiration of religion.
And Gardiner has the defects of his supreme qualities, of his fairness and critical ability as a judge of character; his work lacks enthusiasm, and leaves the reader cold and unmoved.
It is a disadvantage of the system that defects of proportion, material, or workmanship, which would be of less moment in an old-fashioned construction, may become an element of danger in building with the steel cage, while the possibility of securing a permanent protection of all parts of the cage from corrosion is a most serious consideration.
Steel is generally used for columns in preference to cast iron, because it affords greater facility for securing satisfactory connexions, because its defects of quality or workmanship are more surely detected by careful test and inspection, and because, on account of its superior elasticity and ductility, its fibre is less liable to fracture from slight deformations.
All finished material is carefully examined to see that it possesses a smooth surface, and that it is free from cracks, seams and other defects, and that it is true to section throughout.
Where cast iron is used it must be of tough grey iron free from defects.
They form an intelligent, high-spirited class of people, with all the defects and virtues of their ancestry.
Others use stronger language, and it seems to be confessed that either from shyness, from pride, or from physical defects of utterance, probably from all three combined, he did not attract strangers.
Producing, as he certainly has produced, work which classes him with the greatest names in literature, he has also signed an extraordinary quantity of verse which has not merely the defects of genius, irregularity, extravagance, bizarrete, but the faults which we are apt to regard as exclusively belonging to those who lack genius, to wit, the dulness, and tediousness of mediocrity.
But these are all the defects which can be fairly urged against him; and in a dramatist bound to a less strict service they would hardly have been even remarked.
On the English stage the liberty 01 unrestricted incident and complicated action, the power of multiplying characters and introducing prose scenes, would have exactly suited his somewhat intermittent genius, both by covering defects and by giving greater scope for the exhibition of power.
The splendid declamation of Camille, and the excellent part of the elder Horace, do not altogether atone for these defects.
In addition to defects arising out of the condition or figure of the rock or of artificial work upon which the puddle clay rests, the puddle wall itself is often defective.
Only a knowledge of the great loss of capital that has resulted from abortive reservoir construction justifies this notice of defects which can always be avoided, and are too often the direct result, not of design, but of parsimony in providing during the execution of such works, and especially below ground, a sufficiency of intelligent, experienced and conscientious supervision.
He does this by clearing it of the dogmas and other excrescences and defects which have gathered round the Catholic and Protestant forms of it.
His ear for melody was inferior to his sense of time, but that his overfacility and structural defects were due less to lack of taste than to early habit, Georgian models, disassociation from the schools, is indicated by his work as a writer of prose.
At the same time he had defects which were certain to make themselves felt as time went on, even without the alteration of the centre of liberal opinion which has taken place of late years.
This excess of the deductive spirit explains at once both the merits and the defects of his two great works, which will probably remain political classics, though they are less and less likely to be used as practical guides.
There have been many more effective orators, for lack of imaginative suppleness prevented him from penetrating to the inner mind of his hearers; defects in delivery weakened the intrinsic persuasiveness of his reasoning; and he had not that commanding authority of character and personality which has so often been the secret of triumphant eloquence.
We may say, if we please, that Johnson had the far truer and loftier dignity of the two; but we have to take such men as Burke with the defects that belong to their qualities.
In still other ways was the figure of Godfrey idealized by the grateful tradition of later days; but in reality he would seem to have been a quiet, pious, hard-fighting knight, who was chosen to rule in Jerusalem because he had no dangerous qualities, and no obvious defects.
S I t is only by dwelling on these defects that we can Stoicism.
Such a combination was effected, with some little violence, by Epicurus; whose system with all its defects showed a remarkable power of standing the test of time, as it attracted the unqualified adhesion of generation after generation of disciples for a period of some six centuries.
Whatever the government declares to be just or unjust must be accepted as such, since to dispute its dictates would be the first step towards anarchy, the one paramount peril outweighing all particular defects in legislation and administration.
Cumberland is a thinker both original and comprehensive, and, in spite of defects in style and clearness, he is noteworthy as having been the first to lay down that " regard for the common good of all " is the supreme rule of morality or law of nature.
It was not his place, as a practical philanthropist, to dwell on the defects in this coincidence; 2 and since what men generally expect from a moralist is a completely 1 This list gives twelve out of the fourteen classes in which Bentham arranges the springs of action, omitting the religious sanction (mentioned afterwards), and the pleasures and pains of self-interest, which include all the other classes except sympathy and antipathy.
In his earlier essays he endeavoured to point out the defects of ancient and modern ethical thinkers, particularly of Kant and Fichte, Plato and Spinoza only finding favour in his eyes.
These defects of the Irish military system were abundantly shown throughout the Viking period and also in Anglo-Norman times.
Yet they would not have accused him of defects from which he was notoriously free.
In spite of its obvious defects, however, it forms a useful supplement to the first book.
His contemporaries, while admitting the excellence of his intentions as a statesman, lay stress upon his defects of temper and discretion.
The defects of the objective are revealed, e.g.
Nor, lastly, is Polybius's style itself such as to compensate for these defects.
These provisions did not remedy the grosser defects, and as proposals for an amendment of the constitution could be submitted to the people only after receiving a majority vote of the lower house, all further attempts at effective reform seemed to be blocked, owing to the unwillingness of the representatives of the smaller townships to surrender their unusual degree of power.
As a soldier his numerous campaigns had shown him to be possessed of all the best qualities and worst defects of the free captains of his time.
Some defects are similar to those seen in OI but others have been point mutations causing aberrant splicing of one or more exons.
Defects in platelet adhesion may also be related to excessive nitric oxide (NO) production.
These findings indicate that defects in the normal activities of astrocytes in clearing beta amyloid could lead to the formation of plaques.
Within the Earth mantle, nominally anhydrous minerals contain small amounts of hydrogen as point defects within their crystal structure.
Nanoscale control of these layers is crucial â even atomic level defects cause a problem.
In humans, congenital LCMV infection can cause birth defects.
Vitamins C + D Folic Acid (folate) is especially helpful in preventing birth defects.
Aspirin produces birth defects in primates, but not babies.
Workers in the industry are on the frontline of exposure and at risk of developing cancer or seeing birth defects in their children.
Let p 1 be the true proportion of babies born with major birth defects to women who did not take folic acid.
The aggregate effects of illnesses and long term disabilities and genetic birth defects will be apparent only 2008 onwards.
Even marginal biotin deficiency is teratogenic in mice [17] and implicated in human birth defects [18] .
Defects in the external cladding of the office block had rendered parts of the outside unsafe.
Some shapes are more prone to defects as a result of the stresses encountered in the powder compaction process.
The defendants counterclaim substantial damages for alleged defects in what was supplied.
Grain boundaries in polycrystals can be considered as two-dimensional defects in the perfect crystal lattice.
If he had been allowed to do so he would probably have completed the contract and rectified any defects.
The solution adopted was to remedy the tonal defects of the pipe organ in a bold manner.
Richard Dixon noted " They were able to detect the defects using both the conventional and ATL method " .
These pads have a very slight cutting action that allows them to correct most defects without removing too much paint.
The LDA want the panel to cover construction risk, liability, advance loss of revenue and latent defects.
There are some things we can do to encourage the healing of articular cartilage defects.
Atomic level defects, such as atoms of differing mass, vacancies etc. can be introduced by adding dopants or by ion bombardment.
Similar defects are also likely to account for the low activation efficiencies of other dopants in different materials, eg.
And how could a loving creator create creatures with such obvious defects, that are entirely explicable by natural selection?
I answered that both groups were suffering from serious defects and advised him to take measures to liquidate factionalism.
To do any less is to unnecessarily put the developing fetus at risk for neural tube birth defects.
However to prevent neural tube defects, supplemental folate must be taken early in gestation.
Associated soft tissue defects were repaired using radial forearm (n = 22) or rectus abdominis (n= 5) free flaps.
Nor do these surface defects seriously hamper the viewing experience.
Harrow Cllr defects to the Greens 27th Apr 2006 " If you want honesty in politics, you have to vote for it.
There was no attempt to give any notice of defects in repairs and no claim based on alleged inadequacy of specific repairs.
Check for previous surgery incision scars, infection, discharge, swelling and signs of skin lesions or defects.
Every year defects in the UK construction industry cost at least £ 1 billion to repair or rebuild.
It is too much to hope that the present work should be free from these defects, which are inseparable from human infirmity.
This arises from defects in insulin secretion, insulin secretion, insulin action or both.
Good finish with thin laminations making an good choice for smooth curves as there are no hidden defects.
Such defects could cause air leakage around the filter.
Other road defects that can cause damage to cars include sunken manholes and metal edges.
The increased pressure forces the mucosa through defects in the bowel wall, and feces become trapped in these mucosa through defects in the bowel wall, and feces become trapped in these mucosal pouches or diverticulae.
We shall start with existing mutants, and include new mutants with hair cell defects as they are revealed by our screening program.
We have a large collection of mouse mutants with well-characterised auditory defects but only a superficial study of their physiological responses to various stimuli.
Carriage bogie overhauls continued, along with the fitting of new wheels to replace those with casting defects.
Our MMT results also show visual field defects at low contrast levels that were not detected in threshold perimetry.
Primate testing often fails to predict dangerous side effects of medications, especially pertaining to the induction of birth defects.
The risk can be reduced by regularly checking and promptly rectifying defects to electrical wiring and fire alarms.
If a pregnant woman contracts rubella it can cause serious birth defects to her unborn baby.
The defects in both of these tales are comparatively slight.
X-ray topography is an established method of imaging crystalline defects in single crystal materials.
In mice, myosin V mutations lead to defects in synaptic transmission.
Such damage could be produced by a previous viral infection, leaving functional defects unaccompanied by any gross histological changes.
They are long tortuous defects suggestive of dilated veins.
Indeed surgically creating adhesions between adjacent viscera is an excellent technique to prevent leakage into the abdominal cavity from defects.
Hermetically sealed, each instrument is fully nitrogen waterproof to a depth of 3m and is guaranteed for 30 years against manufacturing defects.
The cover is for all agreed defects whether due to faulty workmanship or materials.
Hi-Force products are covered by a lifetime warranty against material and/or workmanship defects.
They have the virtues and defects of a somewhat isolated mountain race - a strong sense of honour and respect for women, of hospitality towards the stranger, and a natural gravity and dignity, accompanied by a considerable distrust of change and lack of enterprise.
But these defects need not blind us to the fact that this hypothesis made the mathematical progress of Hooke, Borelli and Newton much more easy and certain.
These qualities were alleged against him as defects, and to prove that his style was not the result of want of power, he painted the magnificent figure of St Mark (his masterpiece, at Florence), and the undraped figure of St Sebastian.
One of the most obvious defects of this school is excessive attachment to polysyllabic terms. Lydgate is not quite so great a sinner in this respect as are some of his successors, but his tendency cannot be mistaken, and John Metham is amply justified in his censure Eke John Lydgate, sometime monk of Bury, His books indited with terms of rhetoric And half-changed Latin, with conceits of poetry.
That there are defects in the logical process as here outlined to account for the curious rite constitutes no valid objection to the theory advanced, for, in the first place, primitive logic in matters of belief is inherently defective and even contradictory, and, secondly, the strong desire to pierce the mysterious future, forming an impelling factor in all religions - even in the most advanced of our own day - would tend to obscure the weakness of any theory developed to explain a rite which represents merely one endeavour among many to divine the intention and plans of the gods, upon the knowledge of which so much of man's happiness and welfare depended.
Firstly, he doubted whether the allies were strong enough to attack the Quadrilateral, for he saw the defects of his own armys organization; secondly, he began to fear intervention by Prussia, whose attitude appeared menacing; thirdly, although really anxious to expel the Austrians from Italy, he did not wish to create a too powerful Italian state at the foot of the Alps, which, besides constituting a potential danger to France, might threaten the popes temporal power, and Napoleon believed that he could not stand without the clerical vote; fourthly, the war had been declared against the wishes of the great majority of Frenchmen and was even now far from popular.
His observations, however, on the defects of the English university system, some of which have only very recently been removed, are acute and well worth pondering, however little relevant to his own case.
With his defects of temper, his violent antipathies, his extravagant notion of papal prerogative, his pontificate was filled with strife.
But the defects which had rendered him unable to baffle the intrigues of Walpole made him equally unable to contend with the Pelhams. His support of the king's policy was denounced as subservience to Hanover.
Not to recur again to his labours, it may be said here that between 1821 and 1828 he published at Winchester, in eleven volumes, an enlarged edition of his original work, entitling it A General History of Birds; but his defects as a compiler, which had been manifest before, rather increased with age, and the consequences were not happy.'
And the defects are in all respects commonplace; they have no resemblance to that uncanny discomfort which often warns the wise critic that he is dealing with an immortal.
These defects are an almost total absence of any comprehension of what has since been called the philosophy of history, the constant presence of gross prejudice, frequent inaccuracy of detail, and, above all, a complete incapacity to look at anything except from the narrow standpoint of a half-pessimist and half self-satisfied philosophe of the 18th century.
Bubbles and enclosures of opaque matter, although more readily observed, do not constitute such serious defects; their presence in a lens, to a moderate extent, does not interfere with its performance (see above).
As for the modern ivory statuette or alcove ornament, of which great numbers are now carved for the foreign market, it certainly stands on a plane much higher than the netsuke, since anatomical defects which escape notice in the latter owing to its diminutive size, become obtrusive in the former.
During the first twenty-five years of the Meiji era, the Owari potters sought to compensate the technical and artistic defects of their pieces by giving them magnificent dimensions; but at the Tokyo industrial exhibition (1891) they were able to contribute some specimens showing decorative, plastic and graving skill of no mean order.
Moderns generally acquit him of this charge; but his severer critics still urge that, from the inherent defects of his character, his credulity, his love of effect and his loose and inaccurate habits of thought, he was unfitted for the historian's office, and has produced a work of but small historical value.
Perhaps it may be sufficient to remark that the defects in question certainly exist, and detract to some extent from the authority of the work, more especially of those parts of it which deal with remoter periods, and were taken by Herodotus on trust from his informants, but that they only slightly affect the portions which treat of later times and form the special subject of his history.
Like the Wycliffite Versions it is merely a secondary rendering from the Latin Vulgate, and it suffered from many of the defects which characterized these versions, extreme literalness, often stilted, ambiguous renderings, at times unintelligible except by a reference to the Latin original, as in Luke xxii.
In 1887 he published his translation of the Odyssey, which had many of the qualities and defects of his Aeneid, and is much more interesting as an experiment than valuable as a "Homeric echo."
The obvious defects of this theory, (I) that the senses alone cannot apprehend matter itself, (2) that it is not clear how the multiplicity of phenomena could result from these two forces, and (3) that he adduced no evidence to substantiate the existence of these two forces, were pointed out at the time by his pupil, Patrizzi (see article on PATRIZZI, FRANCESCO).
Livy, however, notwithstanding the extent to which he used his writings (see LivY), speaks of him in such qualified terms as to suggest the idea that his strong artistic sensibilities had been wounded by Polybius's literary defects.
As soon as Prince Andrew began to demonstrate the defects of the latter and the merits of his own plan, Prince Dolgorukov ceased to listen to him and gazed absent-mindedly not at the map, but at Prince Andrew's face.
You must arrange to get any defects listed on the report rectified within the stated period.
Where defects are found, often the purchase price can be renegotiated to reflect the necessary repair work.
Factors of interest Autogenous bone is considered to be the gold standard material for repairing bone defects around dental implants.
By the defects of your education you are more disqualified to be a working man than to be the ruler of an empire.
Student reaction to the new arrangements was positive overall, despite a steady stream of snagging defects reported over the next few weeks.
Recent evidence suggests that defects in DNA maintenance pathways and telomere dysfunction promote genomic instability and drives development of the disease.
Mice missing the tyrosinase gene have been found to have developmental eye defects similar to those seen in human patients.
A brilliant supporting cast exaggerate those defects Clark chose to make his obsessions in order for events to unfold in a suitably arresting fashion.
His Treatise on the diseases of the heart is said to include some of the finest clinical descriptions of valvular defects ever written.
It is therefore, likely that defects in synaptic vesicle trafficking may be associated with specific sub-forms of schizophrenia.
We guarantee that goods will meet their specification and will be free from defects in materials and workmanship at the time of delivery.
I. Warranty The Company guarantees the goods against defects in materials and workmanship for a period of 12 months from the date of delivery.
Warranty To be free of defects in material and workmanship for 10 years.
Think of a race car with slightly faulty parts; these defects may not matter at slow speeds, but at high speeds things are going to break and it's going to end in an ugly mess.
Cosmetic defects do not make your car a lemon, nor do strange noises coming from the car that do not affect the car's safety, drivability or value.
Government Car Safety Website includes information on car safety and equipment, defects and recalls, and five-star crash test and rollover ratings.
Inclusions are internal defects such as foreign material crystals, another diamond crystal, or structural imperfections like tiny cracks.
Diamond color is affected by chemical impurities or structural defects in its crystal lattice.
Even though the units flew off shelves, Sony received a barrage of complaints of units shipping with defects.
Other defects that are minor can be used as a tool to help you negotiate a better price.
Most manufacturers offer a one-year warranty on factory defects.
You can by them new, which are often from independent booksellers or major retailers or you can peruse the used copies that sometimes have small defects in them, but are perfectly fine.
While refurbished items are not technically new, (they're typically returned items that have had the defects corrected,) they still work like new.
The vet will perform a basic health check to make sure the kitten has no obvious illnesses, parasites or defects.
Their kittens come with a health guarantee against genetic defects, and a general 72-hour health guarantee in the event your kitten becomes ill in the first few days after you bring it home.
Kittens that are carried to term may have brain defects.
Common defects in these kittens include staggering and shaking.
You might think that all outlets sell seconds or pieces that have varying ranges of manufacturing defects, but most outlets carry a mixture of seconds (slight defects) and closeouts.
We stand behind the quality and warrant to the original purchaser that our furniture [and] all of its parts and components are free of material and workmanship defects for two years.
They can cause genetic issues, birth defects, cancer, and other serious illnesses.
Such defects usually do not interfere with the cameras features.
Ketosis can be fatal to people with diabetes, and during pregnancy, can cause fetal death or birth defects.
One of my character defects is procrastination, so I had to take on some difficult tasks.
If you want to learn about all of your character defects, get into a relationship.
It is not as much a struggle today as it was, but there are still moments when both of our defects show.
I believe that I have made progress in all these defects, but it is very easy for me to fall back into them.
I am still not entirely ready to have all of my defects removed.
I hope that over time these defects dissipate some, but I really enjoy them too much.
I did ask God to remove those unwanted defects.
Pregnant or breastfeeding women should take use of any antidepressant under careful consideration, due to the risk of birth defects and possible transmission through breast milk.
While research suggests Paxil may cause fetal heart defects, Wellbutrin is generally thought to be safe for pregnant women.
Were entirely ready to have God remove all these defects of character.
Pregnant women reduce the chances of having miscarriage, or a child born with birth defects.
Because they are bred indiscriminately for mass production and profit, the puppies from puppy mills often have severe congenital defects and serious health problems.
Do backyard breeder pups have higher rates of congenital defects and illnesses?
Always examine each toy for defects before purchase.
Concerns about inherent defects are often discussed as well as suggestions about which tests to run when determining if an animal is a gene carrier.
A well-informed owner helps prevent the propagation of breed specific defects and ultimately creates a long term healthier canine population.
Accidental inbreedings between close family members can also lead to defects in the puppies.
Inspect the tub thoroughly before installing - Check your new Jacuzzi tub for surface defects and defects in the plumbing and hardware that come with your tub.
There should be no obvious defects such as peeling paint or missing stones.
These chemicals build up in your body and can cause a variety of illnesses from birth defects to cancer.
They are linked to birth defects, cancer, and infertility.
There may be minor defects that you won't even notice, but were enough to get a designer dress marked down.
Some birth defects and genetic syndromes can cause snoring in children.
Finally, each Anglo American style comes with a one-year warranty against defects.
There is a one-year manufacturers' defects warranty on the lenses and a lifetime warranty on any frame.
This includes covering any defects in the material or workmanship.
However, this warranty is only offered on manufacturing and material defects, and does not cover damage caused by improper handling, such as scratches or loss of screws.
It covers against defects in workmanship and materials, but lens scratches are deemed normal wear and tear and are not covered under the warranty.
Spy offers a generous warranty against manufacturer's defects, with clear instructions on how to make a claim under warranty.
The guarantee covers any defects due to manufacturing error for a period of one year.
There's a 30-day money-back guarantee so that you can make sure your prescription is correct and there is also a one-year warranty on all frames that covers manufacturers' defects.
This includes any defects in manufacturing.
The company offers a two-year guarantee against manufacturer defects in materials and workmanship.
Maui Jim offers a two-year manufacturer's warranty against defects in materials and workmanship.
There is a lifetime warranty against any manufacturing defects in workmanship or materials on all Smith Optics eyewear, so if something goes wrong with your Director shades, you will get a repair or replacement at no extra charge.
Ocean Waves also offers a lifetime warranty against any manufacturer defects on their frames and lenses.
Mint -Both the hang tags and tush tags intact and there are no signs of wear or defects.
There are no defects, missing pages, tears, smudges, or other problems.
A book that is described as having some signs of wear but has no significant defects.
Congenital cardiovascular defects that may cause pathologic heart murmurs affect 36,000 infants (about nine of every 1,000 infants or 1 percent of live births) annually in the United States.
These include defective heart valves, hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (enlarged heart muscle), holes or abnormal openings in the walls of the heart (septal defects), aortic aneurysm, or other congenital heart disease.
The most common types of septal defects are atrial septal defect, an opening between the two upper heart chambers (atria), and ventricular septal defect, an opening between the two lower heart chambers (ventricles).
Some septal defects close on their own; others require surgical treatment to prevent progressive damage to the heart.
Although not commonly used to diagnose heart murmurs, it may be used to help physicians evaluate certain congenital cardiovascular defects.
The most common reason for poor growth among children with congenital cardiovascular defects is they are not taking in enough calories or nutrients.
For infants with congenital cardiovascular defects, nutrition supplements may need to be added to regular formula or breast milk.
Babies with congenital cardiovascular defects tire quickly during feedings, so frequent feedings are necessary.
Holes in the septum are called septal defects.
Along with routine medical care and standard immunizations, periodic heart check-ups are necessary in children who have congenital cardiovascular defects.
So that the proper treatment can be provided in the event of an emergency, children with congenital cardiovascular defects should wear a medical identification bracelet or necklace to alert healthcare providers of their condition.
About 10 percent of children with biliary atresia also have other associated congenital defects in blood vessels, heart, spleen, or intestines.
It is also possible for jaundice to appear in infants with physical defects in the organs that work to eliminate bilirubin from the body.
The five groups of disease-causing organisms whose antibodies are measured by the TORCH test are grouped together because they can cause a cluster of symptomatic birth defects in newborns.
This group of defects is sometimes called the TORCH syndrome.
Toxoplasmosis early in pregnancy is more likely to cause miscarriage or serious birth defects.
Birth defects, however, are most likely (85%) in infants infected during the first eight weeks of pregnancy.
As it became evident that tissues other than muscle could be affected by mitochondrial defects, the term "mitochondrial cytopathies" (cytopathy meaning cell disorder) was adopted.
Genetic defects may be passed through nuclear DNA (nDNA), the genetic material found in each cell that determines the majority of hereditary characteristics, or through mtDNA.
Children with WS usually have a variety of physical problems, especially problems with hearts defects.
After reviewing the child's medical and family history, physical condition, and observing the child's behavior, a specialist in birth defects may identify Williams syndrome.
Wilms' tumors are found more commonly in patients with other types of birth defects.
Because 15 percent of all patients with this type of tumor have other inherited defects, it seems clear that at least some cases of Wilms' tumor may be due to an inherited alteration.
There are no known ways as of 2004 to prevent a Wilms' tumor, although it is important that children with birth defects associated with Wilms' tumor be carefully monitored.
Certain people with immune system defects (particularly those with defects in the complement system) may have recurrent episodes of meningococcemia.
Single gene defects such as phenylketonuria (PKU) and other inborn errors of metabolism may also cause mental retardation if they are not found and treated early.
Birth defects that cause physical deformities of the head, brain, and central nervous system frequently cause mental retardation.
They have transplanted bone marrow cells into living embryos in the uteri of animals to approach congenital diseases, birth defects, and mental retardation.
Children with Down syndrome have varying degrees of mental retardation and may have heart defects.
Ultrasonography is often used to diagnose fetal abnormalities, gallstones, heart defects, and tumors.
There are over 500 known defects in the CFTR gene that can cause CF.
The gene defects in CF are called point mutations, meaning that the gene is mutated only at one small spot along its length.
They may be very far-sighted or near-sighted and may have other defects in the curvature of the lens of the eye (astigmatism) that cause images to appear unfocused.
Coarctation of the aorta is present in about 8 to 10 percent of infants born with other congenital heart defects, occurring approximately twice as many males as females.
Hypertension is less likely and, if noted, may be less marked than in symptomatic children with other heart defects.
Surgery may be required for infants who have severe coarctation of the aorta and is usually recommended for those who have associated cardiac defects or those infants who do not respond to drug therapy.
Approximately half of all infants diagnosed with coarctation of the aorta have no other cardiac defects and respond well to medical management, growing and developing normally.
Symptomatic children who have other heart defects generally respond well to repair surgery, and COA symptoms are reduced.
Lipidoses are genetic disorders, passed from parents to their children, characterized by defects of the digestive system that impair the way the body uses dietary fat.
Over 30 different disorders of fat metabolism are related to genetic defects.
Some people can carry the gene for these defects, but be free of symptoms; although the defects are passed from parents to children, the parents often do not have the disorders themselves.
Couples who have family histories of genetic defects can undergo genetic testing and counseling to see if they are at risk for having a child with one of the lipidoses disorders.
There are different types of congenital amputation birth defects.
Subsequently, birth defects as a result of exposure to Agent Orange, the U.S. defoliant used in Vietnam, and radiation exposure near the site of the Chernobyl disaster in Russia have left numerous children with malformed or absent limbs.
According to the March of Dimes, most birth defects have one or more genetic factors and one or more environmental factors, but what the actual factors are in any given case is often difficult, if not impossible, to pinpoint.
Most birth defects occur in the first three months of pregnancy when the organs of the fetus are forming.
During the crucial first weeks, frequently before a woman is aware she is pregnant, the developing fetus is most susceptible to substances that can cause birth defects (teratogens).
Ultrasound examinations may reveal the absence of a limb in some developing fetuses, but routine ultrasounds may not pick up signs of more subtle defects.
There is no known way to prevent congenital amputations, but the prevention of birth defects in general begins with the well being of the mother before and during pregnancy.
Several disciplines in alternative therapy also recommend various supplements and vitamins that may reduce the chances of birth defects.
Studies have suggested that a multivitamin including folic acid may reduce birth defects, including congenital abnormalities.
Teratogen-Any drug, chemical, maternal disease, or exposure that can cause physical or functional defects in an exposed embryo or fetus.
The urogenital system is more likely than any other organ system to have birth defects, and they can occur in endless variety.
In general, the causes of birth defects are multiple and often as of 2004 unknown.
Furthermore, the precise cause of specific birth defects has only rarely been identified.
As long as damage to the kidneys from infection or back pressure has not become significant, the surgical repair of troublesome ureteral defects produces excellent long-term results in the great majority of cases.
Trials and Tribulations of Living Life as a Handicapped Person Due to Multiple Birth Defects.
The term was invented to describe illnesses caused by genetic defects in the human immune response.
Different types of atrial septal defects occur, and they are classified according to where in the separating wall they are found.
The most commonly found atrial septal defect, called secundum atrial septal defect, occurs in the middle of the atrial septum and accounts for about 70 percent of all atrial septal defects.
Atrial septal defects can occur alone or in combination with other congenital heart disorders, such as ventricular septal defect.
Atrial and ventricular septal defects are the most common congenital heart defects.
By age 50, most people with atrial septal defects experience symptoms that interfere with activities of daily living.
A family history of heart defects may suggest a genetic predisposition to the condition.
Twenty percent of atrial septal defects in children correct themselves without medical treatments by the time a child is two years old.
Closure devices cannot be used to treat all atrial septal defects, especially if the defect is large, if it is not centrally located within the atrial septum, or if there is not enough nearby tissue to adequately support the closure device.
Infants and children with atrial septal defects may gain weight more slowly.
Babies with atrial septal defects tire quickly when they eat, making frequent feedings necessary.
Children with atrial septal defects require lifelong monitoring, even after a successful surgery or procedure to close the defect.
The outlook for children with atrial septal defects has improved markedly in the past two decades.
Individuals with small defects can live a normal life, but larger defects require surgical correction.
Atrial septal defects cannot be prevented.
Most children with atrial septal defects can be fully active and are encouraged to exercise.
Genetic counseling and further testing, such as chromosome analysis before pregnancy, or amniocentesis during pregnancy, may be recommended in adults with atrial septal defects.
Diabetes can lead to miscarriages, birth defects, and stillbirths.
Birth defects can result from the variation in a woman's blood sugar level during the first eight to 12 weeks, which is the time period when the embryo is developing.
Cardiac defects are not unusual in the babies of women with abnormal blood sugars during that time.
Rubella causes severe birth defects (including heart defects, cataracts, deafness, and mental retardation) if a pregnant woman contracts it during the first three months of pregnancy.
When stridor is present in a newborn, pediatricians and neonatologists also look for evidence of heart defects or neurological disorders that may cause paralysis of the vocal cords.
Otolaryngologist-A doctor who is trained to treat injuries, defects, diseases, or conditions of the ear, nose, and throat.
Congenital heart defects occur when the heart or blood vessels near the heart do not develop properly before birth.
Some infants are born with mild types of congenital heart defects, but most need surgery in order to survive.
Research is ongoing, and at least 35 congenital heart or cardiovascular defects have been identified.
Most congenital cardiovascular defects obstruct the flow of blood in the heart or nearby blood vessels, or cause an abnormal flow of blood through the heart.
The most common obstruction defects are pulmonary valve stenosis, aortic valve stenosis, and coarctation of the aorta.
Bicuspid aortic valve and subaortic stenosis are less common obstruction defects.
Atrial septal defects account for 4-10 percent of all cases of congenital cardiovascular defects in the United States; ventricular septal defects account for about 14-16 percent.
Two variations of septal defects include atrioventricular canal defect and Eisenmenger's complex.
Heart disorders that cause a decreased, inadequate amount of oxygen in blood pumped to the body are called cyanotic defects.
Cyanotic defects result in a blue discoloration of the skin due to low oxygen levels.
Cyanotic defects include truncus arteriosus, total anomalous pulmonary venous return, tetralogy of Fallot, transposition of the great arteries, tricuspid atresia, and pulmonary atresia.
Nine to fourteen percent of cases of congenital cardiovascular defects in the United States are tetralogy of Fallot, which includes four defects.
The major defects are a large hole (ventricular septal defect) between the ventricles, which allows oxygen-poor blood to mix with oxygen-rich blood, and narrowing at or beneath the pulmonary valve.
The other defects are an overly muscular right ventricle and an aorta that lies over the ventricular septal defect.
Infants born with DiGeorge sequence can have heart defects such as a malformed aortic arch and tetralogy of Fallot.
About 44,000 infants (about eight of every 1,000 infants or 1 percent of live births) are born every year with congenital cardiovascular defects, the most common birth defect.
It is the number one cause of death from birth defects during the first year of life.
Nearly twice as many children die from congenital cardiovascular defects in the United States than from all forms of childhood cancers combined.
Overall, the mortality rate from congenital cardiovascular defects has significantly declined in the past few decades.
About one million adults (over age 20) with cardiovascular defects are currently living in the United States.
In most cases, the causes of congenital cardiovascular defects are unknown.
However, only a few genes have been discovered that have been linked to the presence of heart defects.
The likelihood of having a child with a congenital cardiovascular defect increases if the mother or father, another child, or another relative had congenital cardiovascular defects, or there is a family history of sudden death.
Women with diabetes and phenylketonuria (an inherited liver condition also called PKU) are at higher risk of having children with congenital heart defects.
Many cases of congenital cardiovascular defects result from the mother's excessive use of alcohol or history of taking illegal drugs, such as cocaine, while pregnant.
The mother's exposure to certain prescription drugs such as anticonvulsant and dermatologic medications during pregnancy also can cause congenital cardiovascular defects.
Her exposure to industrial chemicals, solvents, and ionizing radiation (x ray) also increases the risk of having children with congenital heart defects.
The occurrence of some infections during pregnancy, including viral infections such as rubella (German measles), can cause congenital cardiovascular defects.
In addition, there are many genetic conditions, such as Down syndrome or Turner's syndrome, which affect multiple organs and can cause congenital cardiovascular defects.
Some infants and children have no signs or symptoms of congenital cardiovascular defects.
However, significant cardiovascular defects may be found anytime during childhood.
A family history of cardiovascular defects might suggest a genetic predisposition to the disease.
Blood and urine tests are performed to detect the presence of any abnormal substances that may indicate congenital cardiovascular defects.
Echocardiography and cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) may be used to confirm congenital cardiovascular defects when suggested by the child's symptoms and physical exam results.
Fetal echocardiography is used to diagnose congenital cardiovascular defects in utero, usually after 20 weeks of pregnancy.
Cardiac MRI, a scanning method that uses magnetic fields and radio waves to create three-dimensional images of the heart, can help physicians evaluate congenital cardiovascular defects, but is not always necessary.
In some cases, these tests are not conclusive enough to confirm the diagnosis of congenital cardiovascular defects.
Treatment should be provided by a pediatric cardiologist, a specialist trained to diagnose and treat congenital cardiovascular defects.
Catheter-based procedures may be performed to open stenotic valves or vessels, widen the septal opening between the atria, or close abnormal vessels or certain septal defects.
Surgery for most congenital cardiovascular defects has low risk of death (less than 2 percent), compared to 80-100 percent in the 1940s.
Infants and children with congenital cardiovascular defects tend to gain weight more slowly.
The most common reason for poor growth among children with congenital cardiovascular defects is that they do not consume enough calories or nutrients.
Babies with congenital cardiovascular defects tire quickly during feedings, making frequent feedings necessary.
Children with congenital cardiovascular defects require lifelong monitoring, even after successful surgery.
The outlook for children with congenital cardiovascular defects has improved markedly since the 1980s.
Many types of congenital cardiovascular defects that were once fatal can be treated successfully.
Most children with congenital cardiovascular defects grow up to be healthy adults.
Research on diagnosing cardiovascular defects when the fetus is in the womb may lead to future treatment to correct these conditions before birth.
Promising new prevention methods and treatments include genetic screening and the cultivation of cardiac tissue in the laboratory that could be used to repair congenital cardiovascular defects.
As scientists continue to advance the study of genetics, they also will better understand the genetic causes of many congenital cardiovascular defects.
Congenital cardiovascular defects cannot be prevented.
Most children with congenital cardiovascular defects can be fully active and are encouraged to exercise.
With some congenital cardiovascular defects, certain athletic activities such as competitive sports may be limited, depending on the child's diagnosis and medical condition.
Since a child with congenital cardiovascular defects may tire easily, frequent breaks and rest periods should be encouraged, as needed, during activities.
Even though most children with congenital cardiovascular defects do not have any mental limitations, some children with congenital cardiovascular defects have developmental delays or other learning difficulties.
Defects such as coarctation of the aorta and aortic valve stenosis have the greatest risk of occurring in the child's offspring.
Genetic counseling and further testing, such as chromosome analysis before pregnancy or amniocentesis during pregnancy, may be recommended in adults with congenital cardiovascular defects.
Treatment and care for a child with congenital cardiovascular defects can be costly, and some health insurance plans may not cover all the expenses associated with a child's hospitalization or surgery.
Caring for a child with congenital cardiovascular defects is demanding.
Pregnant women whose diets are deficient in folic acid have a greater chance of having a baby with neural tube defects (NTD), such as spina bifida.
Adequate intake of folic acid is vital for the prevention of several types of birth defects, particularly NTDs.
For example, prenatal testing techniques that determine birth defects in the womb force parents to make new moral choices about whether to give birth to a child.
Possible causes that center on the fetus rather than the mother include chromosomal abnormalities, genetic and other syndromes that impair skeletal growth, and defects of the placenta or umbilical cord.
Certain coagulation disorders are inherited while others may be deficiencies in essential clotting factors or defects in the coagulation process.
These complications include severe birth defects or death of the fetus.
Rubella infection during the first three months of pregnancy can cause a woman to miscarry or cause her baby to be born with birth defects.
In addition, about 20,000 infants were born with birth defects attributable to rubella infection in utero.
A high percentage is born with birth defects.
Birth defects are reported to occur in 50 percent of women who contract the disease during the first month of pregnancy, 20 percent of those who contract it in the second month, and 10 percent of those who contract it in the third month.
The most common birth defects resulting from congenital rubella infection are eye defects such as cataracts, glaucoma, and blindness; deafness; congenital heart defects; and mental retardation.
The risk of birth defects drops after the first trimester, and by the twentieth week, there are rarely any complications.
Congenital heart defects are treated with surgery.
These causes include enlarged adenoids that cause sleep apnea, physical defects in the urinary system, or a spinal tumor.
Pregnant women who contract mumps during pregnancy have an increased rate of miscarriage but not birth defects.
Since additional congenital defects preclude prenatal surgery, amniocentesis or chorionic villi sampling (CVS) are used to check for chromosomal abnormalities in the fetus.
The WADT is used to evaluate communication skills in general, as well to identify potential reading difficulties and to predict certain types of speech defects.
Fetal alcohol syndrome (FAS) is a set of physical and mental birth defects that can result from a woman drinking alcohol during her pregnancy.
Heart, liver, and kidney defects are also common, as well as vision and hearing problems.
Alcohol-related birth defects (ARBD) describes the physical defects linked to prenatal alcohol exposure, including heart, skeletal, kidney, ear, and eye malformations.
Unlike many birth defects which are identified at birth and then treated, FAS and FAE are usually overlooked at birth and treated later by mental health specialists, and often unknowingly.
The diagnosis is made based on the history of maternal alcohol use and detailed physical examination for the characteristic major and minor birth defects and characteristic facial features.
Individuals with developmental delay or birth defects may be referred to a clinical geneticist for genetic testing or to a developmental pediatrician or neurologist for evaluation and diagnosis of FAS.
Most of the physical birth defects associated with prenatal alcohol exposure are correctable with surgery.
The prognosis for FAS depends on the severity of birth defects and the brain damage present at birth.