antibiotic prophylaxis has no clear benefit in CSF shunt surgery.

The brain is surrounded by special water called cerebrospinal fluid (CSF ).

CSF lactate ³ 4 nmol/L has high sensitivity and specificity for bacterial meningitis following craniotomy.

dural puncture is usually easily recognized by the immediate loss of CSF through the epidural needle.

obstructive hydrocephalus or syringomyelia may also be seen because of direct mechanical blockage of normal CSF flow.

This increase in CSF acidity causes hyperventilation which lowers the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.

In T1-weighted images, the internal surface of the skull is largely indistinguishable from the CSF, which is also dark.

The CSF is made in a part of the brain called the choroid plexus.

Accidental dural puncture is usually easily recognized by the immediate loss of CSF through the epidural needle.

CSF shunt surgery Antibiotic prophylaxis has no clear benefit in CSF shunt surgery Antibiotic prophylaxis has no clear benefit in CSF shunt surgery.

The cells in the floor of the fourth ventricle respond to the pH of the CSF.

The CSF filled subarachnoid space ends at the S2 level.

The cells in the floor of the fourth ventricle respond to the pH of the CSF.

Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis is a set of laboratory tests that examine a sample of the fluid surrounding the brain and spinal cord.

CSF protects the central nervous system from injury, cushions it from the surrounding bone structure, provides it with nutrients, and removes waste products by returning them to the blood.

CSF is withdrawn from the subarachnoid space through a needle by a procedure called a lumbar puncture or spinal tap.

CSF analysis includes tests in clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology, and microbiology.

The purpose of a CSF analysis is to diagnose medical disorders that affect the central nervous system.

Color and clarity are important diagnostic characteristics of CSF.

The latter is often associated with sequential clearing of CSF as it is collected; streaks of blood in an otherwise clear fluid; or a sample that clots.

CSF glucose is normally approximately two-thirds of the fasting plasma glucose.

Total protein levels in CSF are normally very low, and albumin makes up approximately two-thirds of the total.

The CSF lactate is used mainly to help differentiate bacterial and fungal meningitis, which cause increased lactate, from viral meningitis, which does not.

The number of white blood cells in CSF is very low, usually necessitating a manual WBC count.

About 50 percent of metastatic cancers that infiltrate the central nervous system and about 10 percent of central nervous system tumors will shed cells into the CSF.

While not normally found in CSF, RBCs will appear whenever bleeding has occurred.

Red cells in CSF signal subarachnoid hemorrhage, stroke, or traumatic tap.

Since white cells may enter the CSF in response to local infection, inflammation, or bleeding, the RBC count is used to correct the WBC count so that it reflects conditions other than hemorrhage or a traumatic tap.

This is accomplished by counting RBCs and WBCs in both blood and CSF.

The ratio of RBCs in CSF to blood is multiplied by the blood WBC count.

This value is subtracted from the CSF WBC count to eliminate WBCs derived from hemorrhage or traumatic tap.

The Gram stain is performed on a sediment of the CSF and is positive in at least 60 percent of cases of bacterial meningitis.

In some circumstances, a lumbar puncture to withdraw a small amount of CSF for analysis may lead to serious complications.

The most common side effect after the removal of CSF is a headache.

It is caused by a decreased CSF pressure related to a small leak of CSF through the puncture site.

Spinal tap: also called lumbar puncture, measures the amount of pressure in the spinal canal and/or to remove a small amount of cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) for testing.

The most common causes for an enlarged head are megalencephaly, or an enlarged brain, and hydrocephalus, or excessive cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in the brain.

In hydrocephalus, excess CSF collects in the large sections of the brain called the ventricles.

The ventricles are fluid-filled cavities within the brain, through which cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) normally circulates.

Hydranencephaly is distinct from hydrocephalus, in which CSF accumulates within a normally-formed brain, putting pressure on it and possibly causing skull expansion.

They are located above and in front of the cerebellum, and their function is to produce and circulate cerebrospinal fluid (CSF), the protective fluid that circulates through the brain and the spinal cord.

It is often accompanied by a condition known as syringomyelia in which pockets of CSF form in the spinal cord.

Approximately 80-90 percent of children with Chiari malformation Type II also have hydrocephalus, a condition in which one or more of the ventricles becomes enlarged due to an accumulation of CSF.

Hydrocephalus is an abnormal expansion of cavities, called ventricles, within the brain, which is caused by an abnormally large accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF).

Hydrocephalus is the result of an imbalance between the formation and drainage of CSF.

CSF is formed by structures within these ventricles.

Once formed, CSF circulates among all the ventricles before it is absorbed and returned to the circulatory system.

When the ventricles are obstructed, the CSF cannot circulate and be absorbed.

An elevated level of CSF in the brain leads to pressure within the ventricles.

This blockage prevents the movement of CSF to its drainage sites in the subarachnoid space just inside the skull.

In noncommunicating hydrocephalus, the tissue within the brain responsible for absorption of CSF is damaged.

Normal pressure hydrocephalus is marked by ventricle enlargement without an apparent increase in CSF pressure.

Some drugs may postpone the need for surgery by inhibiting the production of CSF.

After the onset of symptoms, blood tests and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) analysis tests will be conducted.

CSF will be collected during a procedure called a lumbar puncture in which a needle is used to withdraw a sample of CSF from the area around the spinal cord.

The CSF tests do not confirm diagnosis but are useful in ruling out other potential causes for the patient's altered mental state.