Cortex Sentence Examples

The cortex of a young stem is usually green, and plays a more or less important part in the assimilative function.

The whole cylinder is enclosed by the peculiarly differentiated innermost cell-layer of the cortex, known as the endodermis.

The inner layer of the cortex (phloeoterma) may form a well-marked endodermis, or differ in other ways from the rest of the cortex.

In a few cases the hydrom strand is continued into the cortex of the stem as a leaf-trace bundle (the anatomically demonstrable trace of the leaf in the stem).

In all green plants which have a special protective epidermis, the cortex of the shoot has to perform the primitive fundamental function of carbon assimilation.

Besides this there is usually a living conducting tissue, sometimes differentiated as leptom, forming a mantle round the hydrom, and bounded externally by a more or less well-differentiated endodermis, abutting on an irregularly cylindrical lacuna; the latter separates the central conducting cylinder from the cortex of the seta, which, like the cortex of the gametophyte stem, is usually differentiated into an outer thick-walled stereom and an inner starchy parenchyma.

Sclerenchyma may bi formed later in various positions in the cortex, according to loca needs.

Scattered single stereids or bundles of fibres are no imnrornmnn in the rnrtev of the root The innermost layer of the cortex, abutting on the central cylinder of the stem or on the bundles of the leaves, is called the jthloeoterma, and is often differentiated.

In other cases it does not differ histologically from the parenchyma of the rest of the cortex, though it is often distinguished by containing particularly abundant starch, in which case it is known as a starch sheath.

In some forms other gaps (perforations) appear in the vascular tube placing the pith and cortex in communication.

G, Section showing thick-walled cells of the cortex in a Brown Alga (seaweed).

This may have a radial stem-like organization, a central cell-thread giving off from every side a number of short sometimes unicellular branches, which together form a cortex round the central thread, the whole structure having a cylindrical form which only branches when one of the short cell-branches from the central thread grows out beyond the general surface and forms in its turn a new central thread, from whose cells arise new short branches.

This bundle is continued down into the cortex of the stem as a leaf-trace, and passing very slowly through the sclernchymatous external cortex and the parenchymatous, starchy internal cortex to join the central cylinder.

The stereom of the moss is found mainly in the outer cortex of the stem and in the midrib of the leaf.

Special tissues (stereom) may be developed for this purpose in the cortex, or in immediate connection.

In the majority of ferns, at a higher level, after the stele has increased greatly in diameter, a large-celled true pith or medulla, resembling the cortex in its characters, and quite distinct from conjunctive, from which it is separated by an internal endodernlis, appears in the centre.

In both stem and root early walli separate the cortex from the stele.

The primary cortex between stele and periderm has perished.

This passes gradually into the thinner-walled parenchyma of the inner cortex.

The young tissue of the stelar cylinder, in the case of the modified siphonostele characteristic of the dicotyledonous stem, differs from the adjoining pith and cortex in its narrow elongated cells, a difference produced by the stopping of transverse and the increased frequency of longitudinal divisions.

The periblem, one cell thick at the apex, produces the cortex, to which the piliferous layer belongs in Monocotyledons; and the plerome, which is nearly always sharply separated from the periblem, gives rise to the vascular cylinder.

In a few cases there is a special surface or epidermal layer, but usually all the outer layers of the stem are composed of brown, thick-walled, lignified, prosenchymatous, fibre-like cells forming a peripheral stereom (mechanical or supporting tissue) which forms the outer cortex.

When the pith is large celled, the xylems of the bundles are separated from it by a distinct layer of conjunctive tissue called the endocycle, and a similar layer, the pericycle, separates the phloem from the cortex.

Outermost layer of root-cap. c. Wall marking the inner limit of the outer cortex.

The connections of its stele witl that of the parent axis are made across the pericycle of the latter Its cortex is never in connection with the cortex of the parent, but with its pericycle.

Multitudes of such hairs on the branches of the roots cause the entry of great quantities of water, which by a subsequent similar osmotic action accumulates in the cortex of the roots.

It is this relatively huge development of cortex cerebri which is the pre-eminent structural character of man.

In the lower animal forms there is no such nervous structure at all as the cortex cerebri.

Larger and thicker in the rabbit, when excited it gives rise in that animal to movements of the eyes and of the fore-limbs and neck; but it is only in much higher types, such as the dog, that the cortex yields, under experimental excitation, definitely localized foci, whence can be evoked movements of the fore-limb, hind-limb, neck, eyes, ears and face.

Experiment shows that in the manlike (anthropoid) apes the differentiation of the foci or "centres" of movement in the motor field of the cortex is even more minute.

The movement evoked from a point of cortex is not always the same; its character is determined by movements evoked from neighbouring points of cortex immediately antecedently.

The movements obtained by point-to-point excitation of the cortex are often evidently imperfect as compared with natural movements - that is, are only portions of complete normal movements.

Thus among the tongue movements evoked by stigmatic stimulation of the cortex undeviated protrusion or retraction of the organ is not found.

Again, from different points of the cortex the assunIption of the requisite positions of the tongue, lips, cheeks, palate and epiglottis, as components in the act of sucking, can be provoked singly.

Again, no single point in the cortex evokes the act of ocular convergence and fixation.

The motor field of the cortex is, taken altogether, relatively to the size of the lower parts of the brain, larger in the anthropoid than in the inferior monkey brains.

The excitable foci of the cerebral cortex are well myelinated long before the unexcitable are so.

The areas of intervening cortex, arriving at structural completion later than the above sense-spheres, are called by some association-spheres, to indicate the view that they contain the neural mechanisms of reactions (some have said "ideas") associated with the sense perceptions elaborated in the several sensese spheres.

The distinction, therefore, between the movement of the eyeballs, elicited from the occipital (visual) cortex, and that of the hand, elicited from the cortex in the region of the central sulcus (somaesthetic), is not a difference between motor and sensory, for both are sensori-motor in the nature of their reactions; the difference is only a difference between the kind of sense and sense-organ in the two cases, the muscular apparatus in each case being an appanage of the sensual.

In the dog it has been proved that after removal from the animal of every vestige of its cortex cerebri, it still executes habitual acts of great motor complexity requiring extraordinarily delicate adjustment of muscular contraction.

In man, actually gross sensory defects follow even limited lesions of the cortex.

The motor field, therefore, though absolutely larger, forms a smaller fraction of the whole cortex of the brain than in the lower forms. The statement that in the anthropoid (orang-outan) brain the groups of foci in the motor fields of the cortex are themselves separated one from another by surrounding inexcitable cortex, has been made and was one of great interest, but has not been confirmed by subsequent observat'on.

When this differentiation of cortex, with its highest expression in man, is collated with the development of the cortex as studied in the successive phases of its growth and ripening in the human infant, a suggestive analogy is obvious.

In the larger of the two great groups into which the Angiosperms are divided, the Dicotyledons, the bundles in the very young stem are arranged in an open ring, separating a central pith from an outer cortex.

The fertilized egg charged with food reserves rests for a considerable period, surrounded by its cortex, the whole having assumed a reddish-brown colour.

Much damage is often caused by species of Peridermium, which often invade the cortex and cambium to such an extent as to " ring " the stem or branch, or to cause an abnormal formation of turpentine which soaks into the wood and stops the upward passage of water; this causes the parts above the diseased area to perish.

In man, both size and complexity contribute to the increased area of the cortex or outer layer of the brain, which has been fully ascertained to be the seat of the mysterious processes by which sensation furnishes the groundwork of thought.

A leaf-trace, as it passes through the cortex, has a collateral structure, the protoxylem being situated at the inner edge of the xylem; when it reaches the leaf-base the position of the spiral tracheids is gradually altered, and the endarch arrangement (protoxylem internal) gives place to a mesarch structure (protoxylem more or less central and not on the edge of the xylem strand).

Secretory sacs occur abundantly in the leaflamina, where they appear as short lines between the veins; they are abundant also in the cortex and pith of the shoot, in the fleshy integument of the ovule, and elsewhere.

The secondary phloem contains numerous thick-walled fibres, parenchymatous cells, and large sieve-tubes with plates on the radial walls; swollen parenchymatous cells containing crystals are commonly met with in the cortex, pith and medullary-ray tissues.

The genus Pinus serves as an illustration of wood of a distinct type characterized by the absence of xylemparenchyma, except such as is associated with the numerous resincanals that occur abundantly in the wood, cortex and medullary rays; the medullary rays are composed of parenchyma and of horizontal tracheids with irregular ingrowths from their walls.

Resin-canals, which occur abundantly in the xylem, phloem or cortex, are not found in the wood of the yew.

The coenenchyma is further differentiated into a medullary portion and a cortex.

The medullary portion is densely crowded with spicules of different shape from those in the cortex, and in some forms the spicules are cemented together to form a hard supporting axis.

It owes its commercial value to the beauty of its hard red calcareous axis which in life is covered by a cortex in which the proximal moieties of the zooids are imbedded.

The roots of the erect forms often grow downwards in the cortex of the stem to reach the soil.

The anatomy of Lycopodium presents considerable variety in detail, but the stem is always monostelic and the development of the xylem centripetal, the protoxylems being situated at the periphery of the stele; pericycle and endodermis surround the stele, and the wide cortex may be more or less sclerenchymatous.

By the unequal development of the secondary cortex the stem becomes twoor three-lobed; the roots, which branch dichotomously, spring from the furrows between the lobes.

The segmentation is peculiar, and leads to the formation of a solid gastrula, consisting of a cortex of ectoderm nuclei surrounding a central endodermal mass, which is exposed at one point - the blastopore.

The cortex is often preserved; in certain cases it was strengthened by hypodermal strands of fibres, as in Equisetum.

Part of transverse section of a young stem, showing pith, vascular bundles with secondary wood, and cortex.

Transverse section of stem, showing triangular primary wood, secondary wood, remains of phloem, and primary cortex.

Transverse section of stem, showing the pith containing groups of sclerotic cells, the primary xylem-strands, secondary wood and phloem, pericycle and cortex.

In the old stems the primary cortex was replaced by periderm, giving rise to a thick mass of bark.

A striking feature is the presence of large, radiating intercellular cavities in the cortex, suggesting an aquatic habit.

At the same time a deep-seated periderm arose, by which the primary cortex was soon entirely cut off.

Two leaf-trace bundles started from each angle of the stele, and forked, in passing through the cortex, to supply the veins of the leaf, or its subdivisions.

The cortex was deeply furrowed on its youngest stems; secondary growth (Scott, Studies.) FIG.

The axis of the cone in Cheirostrobus contains a polyarch stele, with solid wood, from the angles of which vascular bundles pass out, dividing in the cortex, to supply the various segments of the sporophylls.

The cortex, often sharply differentiated into sclerotic and parenchymatous zones, is bordered externally by the persistent leaf-bases.

The secondary cortex or periderm attained a great development, and in some cases shows considerable differentiation.

Phloem, surrounding the wood, is recognizable in good specimens; in the cortex the main feature is the great development of periderm.

The structure is often a complex one, the central region containing an elaborate system of numerous anastomosing steles, accompanied by sclerenchyma; the cortex is permeated or coated by a multitude of adventitious roots, forming a thick envelope to the stem.

The leaf-traces, where they traverse the cortex, have the structure of the foliar bundles in Cycads, for they are of the collateral type, and their xylem is mesarch, the spiral elements lying in the interior of the ligneous strand.

The outer part of the adrenal gland is the adrenal cortex which makes three main hormones called steroids.

Animal and human studies implicate the amygdala in conditioning to aversive stimuli and orbitofrontal cortex in reversal learning.

We report a patient, FM, with progressive fluent aphasia due to selective atrophy of left temporal cortex.

Parametric analyzes showed a significant linear relationship between increasing proportions of horizontally averted gaze and increased rCBF in the MPF cortex.

Values can be obtained for whole bones or joints, or bone cortex or trabecular bone alone.

The outer, more darkly staining region is the cortex, and this is highly cellular.

There may be reorganization of the nerves in an area of the brain called the cerebral cortex.

We are now using expression profiling in wildtype and Gli3 mutant mice to identify novel Wnt target genes in the developing cerebral cortex.

These levels affect the cerebral cortex, the part of the brain where thought processes take place.

The human cerebral cortex in particular has three or four times more surface area than that of a chimpanzee.

The performance of patients with lesions to the prefrontal cerebral cortex on these tasks will be described.

Abstract There has been growing interest in the mechanisms underlying the oscillatory properties of the mammalian cerebral cortex.

The renal corpuscles are always found in the renal cortex.

In these conditions it seems appropriate to activate intact visual cortex of blind or partial sight patients to rehabilitate vision.

This fragment of the complete ACTH molecule does not stimulate the adrenal cortex to produce hormones.

In addition, lowered activity in the prefrontal cortex relative to controls has been reported for those with autism.

More recently, I have begun to explore a possible general role for the frontal cortex in processing emotion more broadly.

Cells in the perirhinal cortex, which provide a major input to LEC, also revealed little spatial tuning.

The results do not indicate a specific role of parietal cortex in attentional shifting.

Likewise, lots of fMRI studies in humans also show premotor cortex activations caused in the absence of motor requirements.

This is because they regularly exercise the part of the brain known as the pre-frontal cortex which reinforces attention span.

Powerful magnets aimed at the motor cortex have been shown to induce muscles to twitch.

Recent research work here has been undertaken on the auditory cortex and the rodent barrel cortex.

The scientists managed to stimulate single brain cells in the rat cortex.

Look for signs of mycorrhizal infection - the root cortex will contain bright blue or purple staining hyphal threads.

In the past, researchers trying to understand dyslexia have focused on the highly developed language centers of the brain's cerebral cortex.

Despite shunting many of these patients have major neurological deficits which are linked to abnormal development of the cerebral cortex in the fetus.

The third region is located in the right dorsal (posterior) frontal cortex (bottom lateral view of brain ).

Collaborators We are specifically interested in the role of Gli3 zinc finger transcription factor during patterning of the cerebral cortex.

The ovary contains many primordial follicles, which are mostly found around the edges of the cortex.

Infection also involves motor cortex, hypothalamus, and globus pallidus, brainstem nuclei, reticular formation, cerebellar roof nuclei, and vermis.

Within the cortex of the right frontal lobe there was found a lesion.

This large family of diseases overlaps with other conditions including ' double cortex syndrome ' or subcortical band heterotopia.

Microscopically, the cortex is poorly organized; it has four primitive layers and diffuse neuronal heterotopia.

The outer layer of the brain in which most of the higher functions take place is called the cerebral cortex.

They can then pass into the venules and efferent lymphatics along the border between the cortex and the medulla.

The representation of the visual world in the primary visual cortex of the common marmoset revealed by optical imaging.

In the image below, the outer cortex is blue and the inner medulla of this pig adrenal is greenish.

They migrate to form the dental mesenchyme, supportive cells of the nervous system, the adrenal cortex and melanocytes of the skin.

Dorsal Stream Occipital cortex to posterior parietal and frontal lobes.

Our findings are consistent with a large-scale neural network centered in frontal and parietal cortex that supports comprehension of generalized quantifiers.

This is adequate for measuring relative areas occupied by the cortex and central stele.

The visual system comprises the retina, the visual pathway, and visual cortex.

This in several cases runs vertically downwards for some distance in the outer cortex, and ends blindlythe lower end or the whole of the trace being band-shaped or star-shaped so as to present a large surface for the absorption of water from the adjacent cortical cells.

The external conjunctive tissue is often arranged in relation to each bundle separately, the pericyclic fibres for instance, already referred to, being cften confined to the bands of pericyclic tissue abutting on the phloem of each bundle, while the Cortex and pith frequently form rays in the intervals between the adjacent bundles.

The injured cells die and turn brown; the living cells beneath grow out, and form cork, and under the released pressure bulge outwards and repeatedly divide, forming a mass Of succulent regenerative tissue known as callus, Living cells of the pith, phloem, cortex, &c., may also co-operate in this formation of regenerative tissue, and if the wound is a mere knife-cut in the bark, the protruding lips of callus formed at the edges of the wound soon meet, and the slit is healed overoccluded.

Such cankers often commence in mere insect punctures, frosted buds, cracks in the cortex, &c., into which a germinating spore sends its hypha.

Thus the rabbit and the dog are not absolutely blinded by removal of the entire cortex, but in man destruction of the occipital cortex produces total blindness, even to the extent that the pupil of the eye does not respond when light is flashed into the eye.

The rootlets, which branched by dichotomy, contain a slender monarch stele exactly like that in the roots of Isoetes and some Selaginellae at the present day; they possessed, however, a complex absorptive apparatus, consisting of lateral strands of xylem, connecting the stele with tracheal plates in the outer cortex.

These hormones are produced by reticular epithelial cells in the cortex.

Rarely the eyes are the only affected body part, and in those cases the discharge is thought to involve the rostral occipital cortex.

The cerebral cortex is the rumpled gray outer layer of the brain.

With use of imaging, the trailing end of the wire is located and is withdrawn until its end reaches the distal scaphoid cortex.

If the striate cortex is damaged in animals or humans, the half field of vision opposite the hemisphere that 's damaged is altered.

One unresolved issue is whether there are functionally distinct subdivisions of the lateral frontal cortex that subserve different aspects of working memory.

A11 Positive selection (mediated mainly by thymic epithelium) is believed to be the main process occurring in the cortex.

It was, however, associated with a larger neural signal (over the contra-lateral ventral occipital cortex), than the unattended light.

In contrast, increasing the requirement to retrieve items from working memory yielded greater activation in regions of the ventrolateral frontal cortex.

In the study presented here, yam tubers, which were inoculated with C. gloeosporioides, developed characteristic discoloration of the meristem and cortex.

High frequency sounds transmitted through the ear or pressure points of the body releases energy from the cortex of the brain.

He experienced extreme stress at seeing the child in imminent danger, and that information entered his brain with such force and urgency that it bypassed the prefrontal cortex and other higher brain centers.

Another part of your brain that helps you reason and judge is called the prefrontal cortex and it isn't functioning very well at this time.

In some cases, both the cortex and subcortex of the brain are affected.

Cortical dementia occurs as a result of a disorder that influences the cerebral cortex, the outer layers of the brain, where cognitive processes including language and memory take place.

The pons structure in the brainstem sends messages to the cerebral cortex and thalamus.

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)-Also called adrenocorticotropin or corticotropin, this hormone is produced by the pituitary gland to stimulate the adrenal cortex to release various corticosteroid hormones.

Subdural hematomas usually occur because veins on the inside of the dura that connect the brain cortex and the venous sinuses (bridging veins) are ruptured as the result of a blow to the head.

Genetic factors, including abnormalities in the structure of the prefrontal cortex of the brain, may play a role in an inherited predisposition to antisocial behaviors.

Control of the skeletal muscles originates in the cerebral cortex, the largest portion of the brain.

Therefore, cerebral palsy encompasses any disorder of abnormal movement and paralysis caused by abnormal function of the cerebral cortex.

Some of these errors will result in structural anomalies of the brain, while others may cause undetectable, but significant, abnormalities in how the cerebral cortex is wired.

The outer tissue of the glands (cortex) produces several steroid hormones, while the inner tissue (medulla) produces the hormones epinephrine (adrenaline) and norepinephrine.

In contrast to the low level of blood flow in the basal ganglia, the motor areas in the frontotemporal cortex of the brain show increased levels of activity.

In rTMS, a large magnet is placed on the patient's head and magnetic fields of different frequency are generated to stimulate the left front cortex of the brain.

The orbital cortex located on the underside of the brain's frontal lobe is overactive in OCD patients.

The most common operation involves removing a section of the brain called the cingulate cortex.

Cortisone-Glucocorticoid produced by the adrenal cortex in response to stress.

Another type of reflex test is called the Babinski test, which involves gently stroking the sole of the foot to assess proper development of the spine and cerebral cortex.

This is due to the fact that the fibers in the spinal cord and cerebral cortex have not been completely covered in myelin, the protein and lipid sheath that aids in processing neural signals.

Exuberant children, on the other hand, are thought to have a relatively high level of activity in the prefrontal cortex in response to certain stimuli.

Cortisol-A steroid hormone secreted by the adrenal cortex that is important for maintenance of body fluids, electrolytes, and blood sugar levels.

Movement is produced and coordinated by several interacting brain centers, including the motor cortex, the cerebellum, and a group of structures in the inner portions of the brain called the basal ganglia.

Voluntary motor commands begin in the motor cortex, located on the outer wrinkled surface of the brain.

Movement of the right arm is begun by the left motor cortex, which generates a large volley of signals to the involved muscles.

Both the cerebellum and the motor cortex send information to a set of structures deep within the brain that help control involuntary components of movement (basal ganglia).

The basal ganglia send output messages to the motor cortex, helping to initiate movements, regulate repetitive or patterned movements, and control muscle tone.

Trace amounts of peroxide serve to blend the shade evenly and promote the entry of color molecules into the hair's cortex.

Ovarian endometrial cysts form on the ovarian cortex.

Like it or not, the visual cortex center of our brain is constantly assessing our surroundings.

While the specific mechanism of Topamax is not fully understood, it is known that Topamax acts on the frontal cortex of the brain.

The whole of the cortex, stereom and parenchyma alike, is commonly living, and its cells often contain starch.

This lacunar system not only enables the cells of the cortex itself to respire, but also forms channels through whicF air can pass to the deeper lying tissues.

The branches of the stem arise by multiplication of the cells 01 the epidermis and cortex at a given spot, giving rise to a protuber ance, at the end of which an apical meristem is established.

It conducts plastic substances inwards from the cortex, and its cells are frequently full of starch, which they store in winter.

The formation of additional cambial cylinders or bands occurs in the most various families of Dicotyledons and in some Gymnosperms. They may arise in the pericycle or endocycle of the stele, in the cortex of the stem, or in the parenchyma of the secondary xylem or phloem.

An ordinary cambium is scarcely ever found in the Monocotyledons, but in certain woody forms a secondary meristem is formed outside the primary bundles, and gives rise externally to a little secondary cortex, and internally to a secondary parenchyma in which are developed numerous zones of additional bundles, usually of concentric structure, with phloem surrounded by xylem.

Its most usual seat of origin in the stem is the external layer of the cortex immediately below the epidermis; in the root, the pericycle.

In the former case the formation of phelloderm is trivial in amount; in the latter, considerable, since this tissue has to replace the cast-off cortex, as a metabolic and particularly a storage tissue.

The formation and gradually increasing thickness of its bark are explained by the continually increasing need of adequate protection to the living cortex, under the strain of the increasing framework which the enormous multiplication of its living protoplasts demands, and the development of which leads to continual rupture of the exterior.

This pressure of the turgid cortex on the central stele is known as root pressure, and is of very considerable amount.

These bodies, known technically as chioroplaIts, are found embedded in the protoplasm of the cells of the mesophyll of foliage leaves, of certain of the cells of some of the leaves of the flower, and of the cortex of the young twigs and petioles.

Some make their way through the cells of the outer part of the cortex towards the root-tip, and form a mycelium or feltwork of hyphae, which generally occupies two or three layers of cells.

From this branches pass into the middle region of the cortex and ramify through the interior half of its cells.

One of these hairs can be seen to be penetrated at a particular spot, and the entering body is then found to grow along the length of the hair till it reaches the cortex of the root.

If a piece of bark and cortex are torn off, the occlusion takes longer, because the tissues have to creep over the exposed area of wood; and the same is true of a transverse cut severing the branch, as may be seen in any properly pruned tree.

Cecidia or galls arise by the hypertrophy of the subepidermal cells of a leaf, cortex, &c., which has been pierced by theovipositor of an insect, and in which the egg is deposited.

Frost blisters are pustular swellings due to the up-growth of callus-tissue into cavities caused by the uprising of the superficial cortex under the action of intense cold.

The usual necrosis of the injured cortex occursdrying up, shrivelling, and consequent stretching and cracking of the dead cortex on the wood beneath.

There is very little grey matter in the cortex of the hemispheres, the surface of which is devoid of convolutions, mostly quite smooth; in others, for instance pigeons, fowls and birds of prey, a very slight furrow might be compared with the Sylvian fissure.

The midbrain is represented chiefly by the optic lobes, the cortex of which alone is homologous with the corpora quadragemina of the mammals.

The localization of function in the cerebral and in the cerebellar cortex has doubtless been the main cause of this progress, and has proceeded poi passu with an extended insight into the structure and connexions of the parts concerned.

The cerebral cortex, and, more definitely, the cortical elements (nerve cells), formed the seat of the activity of the soul, and were ordered into departments according to various functions.

The spores germinate on a damp surface and enter the cortex through small cracks or wounds in the protecting layer.

The cylindrical branches of the fruticose forms are usually radially symmetrical, but the flattened branches of these forms and also the thalli of the foliaceous form show a difference in the cortex of the upper and lower side.

All the longest routes thus formed traverse late in their course the cortex of the cerebral hemisphere.