Citadel Sentence Examples

citadel
  • The citadel was erected by Pope Paul III.

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  • He built a citadel called the Acra to dominate the town and placed in it a strong garrison of Greeks.

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  • To the north, just within the old wall line, stands the citadel, surrounded by a high wall, with a lofty clock-tower which commands an excellent view.

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  • Larnaca occupies the site of the ancient Citium, but the citadel of the ancient city was used to fill up the ancient harbour in 1879.

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  • David surrounded the royal city with a wall and built a citadel, probably on the site of the Jebusite fort of Zion, while Joab fortified the western town.

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  • Menelaus held the citadel and Jason was unable to establish himself in the city.

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  • The pathway between the citadel and the Areopagus was found to be so narrow that it is certain the Panathenaic procession cannot have taken this route to the Acropolis.

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  • Henceforth the place lost its importance; in Strabo's time the original site was apparently deserted, and the citadel alone remained inhabited.

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  • Its military importance was recognized in 427 B.C. by the Spartans, who sent a garrison to guard the Trachinian plain against the marauding highland tribes of Oeta and built a citadel close by the Asopus gorge with the new name of Heraclea.

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  • The Correggio family never managed to keep possession of it for long, and in 1346 they sold it to the Visconti (who constructed a citadel, La Rocchetta, in 1356, of which some remains exist on the east bank of the river, while the later ate du Pont may be seen on the west bank), and from them it passed to the Sforza.

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  • The place figured frequently as a frontier fortress in the wars of the Romans and the Parthians, its brick walls being unusually thick and its citadel very strong.

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  • The citadel is half a mile north-east of the city, and is surrounded by a rampart with bastions.

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  • It stands within the citadel, which occupies the site of the Roman castrum.

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  • The citadel was begun six years later "ad coercendam Perusinorum audaciam."

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  • The high priest changed his name to Jason and made a gymnasium near the citadel.

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  • After the departure of the Persians the first necessity was the reconstruction of the defences of the city and the citadel.

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  • The period of Cimon's administration, however, especially the interval between his victory on the Eurymedon and his ostracism (468-461 B.C.), was marked by great architectural activity in the lower city as well as on the citadel.

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  • The narrow crooked lanes of this quarter still contrast with the straight, regularly laid-out streets of the modern city, which extends to the north-west, north and east of the ancient citadel.

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  • In 1658 he fell ill, and was confined by his son Aurangzeb in the citadel of Agra until his death in 1666.

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  • This cliff is crowned by the walls and towers of the citadel, once white, but now maroon with age, and, though useful as a prison and barracks, no longer of any military value.

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  • Behind the citadel, and along its glacis on the southern side, are the gardens of Kalemegdan, commanding a famous view across the river; behind Kalemegdan comes Belgrade itself, a city of white houses, among which a few great public buildings, like the high school, national bank, national theatre and the so-called New Palace, stand forth prominently.

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  • There is a fine monument to Prince Michael (1860-1868) who succeeded in removing the Turkish garrison from the Belgrade citadel and obtaining other Turkish fortresses in Servia by skilful diplomacy.

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  • Just opposite the citadel, in a north-westerly direction, half-an-hour by steamer across the Danube, lies the Hungarian town of Semlin.

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  • The indirect consequence of this incident was that in 1866, on the categoric demand of Prince Michael of Servia, and under the diplomatic pressure of the great powers, the sultan withdrew the Turkish garrison from the citadel and delivered it to the Servians.

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  • After falling into various hands, it was ceded to Savoy by the peace of Utrecht in 1713, and its citadel was begun in 1728.

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  • The citadel is on the left bank of the Tanaro, the town being on the right bank.

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  • A little farther north are the ancient citadel, the walled "Arab" town and the old harbour (disused).

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  • The Arabic invasion at the end of the 7th century destroyed the Byzantine towns, and the place became the haunt of pirates, protected by the Kasbah (citadel); it was built on the substructions of the Punic, Roman and Byzantine acropolis, and is used by the French for military purposes.

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  • It is situated upon a lofty plateau, the highest point of which (823 ft.), projecting to the W., was the ancient citadel, and is occupied by the well-preserved castle erected by Frederick II., and rebuilt by Pierre d'Angicourt about 1280.

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  • In1844-1859the German Confederation carefully fortified it, and in 1876 the new German Empire added a comprehensive outer girdle of detached forts, culminating in the powerful citadel of Wilhelmsburg.

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  • The citadel of Wilhelmsburg remains, and also the defences on the left bank of the Danube, further extended and strengthened.

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  • The name of the city or tribe which it gives us is touta marouca, and it mentions also a citadel with the epithet tarincris.

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  • The citadel, which dominates the old port, has a keep of the 24th century.

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  • Trani has lost its old walls and bastions, but the 13th-century Gothic citadel is used as a prison.

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  • Among the most remarkable are the ruins of a bridge and a citadel, or palace, besides vestiges of canals and watermills, which tell of former commercial activity.

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  • In the islet of Lele, close to Kusaie, at the eastern extremity of Micronesia, the ruins present the appearance of a citadel with cyclopean ramparts built of large basaltic blocks.

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  • The citadel, south-west of the city, was constructed by order of Philip II.

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  • In the 14th century it was greatly strengthened and beautified by Charles III., who built a citadel on the site now occupied by.

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  • The townspeople, encouraged and reinforced by this aid from without, at once rose in revolt, and, attacking the Spanish troops, disarmed them and drove them to take refuge in the citadel (28th July).

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  • Remains of a Roman theatre, of an amphitheatre, of an aqueduct which entered the town by the Porte Taillee, gate cut in the rock below the citadel, and an arch of a former Roman bridge, forming part of the modern bridge, are also be seen.

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  • There is trade in agricultural produce, wine, metals, &c. The canal from the Rhone to the Rhine passes under the citadel by way of a tunnel, and the port of Besancon has considerable trade in coal, sand, &c.

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  • The citadel occupies the neck of the peninsula upon which the town stands; along the river bank in a semicircle is the town enceinte, and the suburb of Battant on the right bank of the Doubs is also "regularly" fortified as a bridge-head.

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  • The island (Ortygia) had been provided with its own defences, converted, in fact, into a separate stronghold, with a fort to serve specially as a magazine of corn, and with a citadel or acropolis which stood apart and might be held as a last refuge.

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  • Dionysius, to make himself perfectly safe, drove out a number of the old inhabitants and turned the place into a barracks, he himself living in the citadel.

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  • One of the earliest acts of the Conqueror was to undertake the erection of a citadel which should overawe the citizens and give him the command of the city.

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  • The fortifications of the citadel have an elaborate double gate with flanking towers.

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  • This was agreed to, and in 1405 the city was sold to Florence for 260,000 florins; and Gino Capponi,' the Florentine commissioner, took possession of the citadel, but a few days later the citizens arose in arms and recaptured it from the mercenaries.

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  • Here, while storming the citadel, he was struck on the head by a fragment of a millstone thrown from the wall by a woman.

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  • By Abdallah's advice the expedition was abandoned; Fesal hastened back with all his forces to Riad, and invested the citadel where Masharah had taken refuge, but failed to gain possession of it, until Abdallah with two companions found his way into the palace, killed Masharah, and placed Fesal on the throne of his father.

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  • He set himself to work to establish law and order throughout the state, to arrange its finances, and to encourage the settlement in Hail of artificers and merchants from abroad; the building of the citadel and palace commenced by Mehemet Ali, and continued by Abdallah Ibn Rashid, was completed by Taal.

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  • Warned by a hurried sign by Hamud that his life was in danger, Mahommed at once attacked Bandar, stabbed him and took possession of the citadel; a general massacre of all members of the house of Ibn Rashid followed, and next day Mahommed appeared with his cousin Hamud in the market-place of Hail, and announced his assumption of the amirship. A strong and capable ruler, he soon established his authority over all northern and western Nejd, and in 1872 the opportunity arrived for his intervention in the east.

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  • Cullera is a walled town, containing a ruined Moorish citadel, large barracks, several churches and convents and a hospital.

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  • The Florentines immediately built a new citadel, and this was a great bitterness to the Pisans.

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  • It is surrounded by ramparts, and commanded by a citadel.

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  • In the highest part of the town is the massive citadel, erected by the Spanish viceroy Don Pedro de Toledo in 1534.

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  • Tmolus, a steep and lofty spur of which formed the citadel.

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  • Soon after 1301 the Seljuk amirs overran the whole of the Hermus and Cayster valleys, and a fort on the citadel of Sardis was handed over to Aragonese period.

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  • It is the centre of a fertile irrigated oasis, and consists of a citadel, enclosed by a wall nearly 12 m.

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  • Its citadel was founded as a Christian fortress after the defeat of the Moors at Las Navas de Tolosa (1212).

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  • A conspicuous feature in the view is the isolated rocky citadel of Doss Trento (the Roman Verruca), that rises on the right bank of the Adige to a height of 308 ft.

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  • Within this territory the low ridge of Teumessus separates the plain of Ismenus and Dirce, commanded by the citadel of Thebes, from the upland plain of the Asopus, the only Boeotian river that finds the eastern sea.

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  • Daimbert, the first patriarch of Jerusalem, was convinced that the Roman Church alone could be sovereign of the new state, and attempted to compel Godfrey of Bouillon to hand over to him by a solemn agreement the town and citadel of Jerusalem, and also Jaffa.

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  • The citadel occupies a separate hill on the other side of the wadi.

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  • On another hill opposite the citadel is the native town.

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  • The citadel occupies the site of a Roman station believed to be that of Tingurtia.

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  • On the summit of the hill (2471 ft.), nearly a mile from the town, stood the ancient citadel, the site of which is now occupied by a few poor houses (Castel San Pietro) and a ruined medieval castle of the Colonna.

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  • Considerable portions of the southern wall of the ancient citadel, built in very massive Cyclopean masonry of blocks of limestone, are still to be seen; and the two walls, also polygonal, which formerly united the citadel with the town, can still be traced.

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  • The quarter extends to the strong moated citadel, which guards the harbour on the north-east.

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  • One of the four is inhabited by the king, the second and third by the crown prince and other members of the royal family, while the fourth is occupied by the coronation and state rooms. The Ameliegade crosses the plads and, with the Bredgade, terminates at the esplanade outside the citadel, prolonged in the pleasant promenade of Lange Linie skirting the Sound.

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  • To the west of the citadel is the Ostbanegaard, or eastern railway station, from which start the local trains on the coast line to Klampenborg and Helsingor.

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  • The sea approaches are guarded by ten coast batteries besides the old citadel.

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  • At the end of October an insurgent army had arrived before the gates, which were opened by the populace to receive them, and the troops, under General Chasse, retired within the citadel.

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  • During the time of its prosperity Amarapura was defended by a rampart and a large square citadel, with a broad moat, the walls being 7000 ft.

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  • Its defensive works are extensive, and consist of strong modern forts crowning the hills encircling the town on the west, and of the citadel of Ehrenbreitstein on the opposite bank of the Rhine.

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  • On a commanding height above the town lies the old citadel.

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  • The only building of importance is the ark, or citadel, a walled building in the centre of the town containing an arsenal and barracks for a small garrison.

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  • The Idgah gate passes through the citadel, which is a square-built enclosure with sides of about 260 yas.

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  • From the top of the ridge a small citadel overlooks the half-buried ruins.

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  • The inner line of fortifications was razed in 1890, and the defensive works now consist only of the citadel and three detached forts, one of which, Fort Blucher, serves as a tete-de-pout on the left bank of the Rhine, Wesel contains some quaint old houses, and a town hall, dating from 1396, with an elaborate facade, and containing a valuable collection of old silver plate.

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  • Its chief buildings are the citadel and many mosques, one of which is an ancient Byzantine basilica, originally a 1 Prince von Billow was credited with suggesting in his correspondence on the question of the Bundesrath that a tribunal of arbitration should be instituted to deal with all questions of capture.

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  • Of the fortifications erected by Vauban in the 17th century, only a gateway and the partially dismantled citadel, nicknamed la Belle Inutile, are left.

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  • In the interior, and to the north of the western gate, a citadel adjoins the fortifications.

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  • The town is finely situated on and between the slopes of the two extremities of the promontory of Monte Conero, Monte Astagno to the S., occupied by the citadel, and Monte Guasco to the N., on which the cathedral stands (300 ft.).

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  • Although numerous reinforcements arrived, he would have found it very difficult to storm the place previous to the inundation of the Nile but for treachery within the citadel; the Greeks who remained there were either made prisoners or put to the sword.

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  • The original town walls were replaced by ramparts in 1550, and the citadel was built a few years later.

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  • The principal street runs from the south or Kandahar gate to the market in front of the citadel, and is covered in with a vaulted roof through its entire length, the shops and buildings of this bazaar being much superior to those of the other streets, and the merchants' caravanserais, several of which are spacious and well built, all opening out on this great thoroughfare.

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  • Neither the palace of the Charbagh within the city wall, which was the residence of the British mission in 1840-1841, nor the royal quarters in the citadel deserve any special notice.

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  • The Kasbah (citadel) stands on a hill at the north-east of the town.

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  • From the beginning of the 14th to the middle of the 15th century it was frequented by Italians and Spaniards, and in the 16th it was held for some time by Charles V., who strengthened its citadel.

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  • Another citadel, Fort Moira, is situated on the other extremity of the ridge.

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  • The city is the headquarters of an army corps, and the see of an Orthodox Greek archbishop, of the archbishop of the Roman Catholic Albanians and of a Bulgarian bishop. Its principal buildings are the citadel, the palace of the vali or provincial governor, the Greek and Bulgarian schools, numerous churches and mosques and a Roman aqueduct.

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  • The publication in 1889 of Lux Mundi, a series of essays attempting to harmonize Anglican Catholic doctrine with modern thought, was a severe blow to him, for it showed that even at the Pusey House, established as the citadel of Puseyism at Oxford, the principles of Pusey were being departed from.

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  • The site of the town is partly occupied by the village of Kapraena; the ancient citadel was known as the Petrachus, and there is a theatre cut in the rock.

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  • It has on one side the citadel, erected on an artificially made eminence 45 ft.

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  • It is a large and straggling place, with a citadel, and the population amounts to 25,000.

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  • An ancient citadel, several churches, a Franciscan convent, and a hospital are the principal buildings.

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  • The city, which was formerly strongly fortified, is built in the shape of an amphitheatre, with the kasbah, or citadel, at its highest point.

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  • From various points the traveller can look over the city, with its great citadel, its many minarets and its flat-topped houses.

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  • Two narrow streets climb the hill towards the citadel.

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  • A small stream called the Crkvina enters the Vrbas from the north-east and in the angle thus formed stand the citadel and barracks, with the 16th-century Ferhadiya Jamia, largest and most beautiful of more than 40 mosques in the city.

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  • On an eminence in the western part of the city are the ruins of a large square citadel with a small whitewashed building, called Molud Khaneh (the house of birth), in which Fath Ali Shah was born (1772).

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  • On the iith of March 1676, wlfile on his way to the royal apartments, Griffenfeldt was arrested in the king's name and conducted to the citadel, a prisoner of state.

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  • Half way up the cliff, but some distance south of the citadel, is the grotto of Montfat, alleged to be the site of Diana's shrine.

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  • The church of Notre Dame, dating from the 13th century, stands immediately under the citadel and flanking the bridge.

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  • The town itself is fan-shaped, the streets, which contain some fine old houses with projecting eaves and many towers, radiating from the citadel (Fortezza), which was constructed in 1502, and dismantled by the French in 1800.

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  • The town itself was destroyed and those of its Mussulman inhabitants who could not escape into the citadel were massacred; but the citadel remained in the hands of the Turks till 1828.

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  • In September this was taken by storm; Kolokotrones rode in triumph to the citadel over streets carpeted with the dead; and the crowning triumph of the Cross was celebrated by a cold-blooded massacre of 2000 prisoners of all ages and both sexes.

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  • The citadel, now a house of correction, consists of two portions, the Rocca Vecchia, built in 1 343 by Walter de Brienne, duke of Athens, and the Rocca Nuova, built by the Florentines (1472).

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  • Within this circuit there are various open areas - the spacious Ippodromo in front of the citadel, the public gardens in the north-east of the city, the Piazza Grande in front of the cathedral, and the Piazza Reale to the south of the palace.

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  • The governor-general's palace and the government buildings are the most important of these; in the district of Weltevreden are also the barracks, and the artillery school, as well as the military and civil hospital, and not far off is the FrederikHendrik citadel built in 1837.

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  • The citadel, which was stormed by the Russians in 1864, stands on high ground above the town, but is now in ruins.

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  • It has a citadel of the 15th and 16th centuries which has often served as a state prison and is now used as a reformatory for girls.

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  • The former citadel (now gaol), built by the Pisans, was demolished and re-erected by Lorenzo de' Medici.

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  • Leake (Northern Greece, London, 1835) that the citadel of Iannina is to be identified with Dodona, is now generally abandoned in favour of the claims of a more'southern site.

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  • In the War of the Spanish Succession all the islands declared for Charles; the duke of Anjou had no footing anywhere save in the citadel of Mahon.

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  • The city consists of three divisions - the modern suburbs extending beside the Danube, the citadel and the old town, still surrounded by walls, though only four of its nine towers remain standing.

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  • The old town, containing several mosques and synagogues and a bazaar, preserves its oriental appearance; the citadel is used as a military magazine.

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  • The ark, or citadel, in the southwest extremity of the city, now used as an arsenal, is a noble building of burnt brick with mighty walls and a tower 120 ft.

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  • The town consists of three portions - the citadel on a limestone hill, the upper and the lower town - separated by irregular plantations of date trees.

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  • In the old citadel on the height, the remains of a Hindu palace with some interesting carvings indicate the former importance of the place.

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  • On the other hand, we learn from Herodotus of the great serpent which defended the citadel of Athens; the Roman genius loci took the form of a serpent; a snake was kept and fed with milk in the temple of Potrimpos, an old Slavonic god.

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  • On the 23rd of May 1611 Matthias, brother of the emperor, assumed the Bohemian crown in Prague, compelling Rudolph to take refuge in the citadel, where he died on the 20th of January following.

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  • In 1177 he returned by Damascus to Cairo, which he enriched with colleges, a citadel and an aqueduct.

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  • The town has a citadel built by Vauban on a rock beside the river, and embracing in its enceinte ruins of an old Gothic château.

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  • Tradition states that the hero Roland was buried in its basilica, which was on the site of the citadel.

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  • The town contains also a Byzantine castle, built on the lofty site of the ancient citadel; a palace belonging to the Greek metropolitan; a number of mosques, synagogues and churches, the most remarkable being the church of the Virgin of Consolation, founded in 819.

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  • The French were in possession of the place in 1797 and again in 1805; and in 1809 Marshal Macdonald having, in accordance with the terms of the peace of Vienna, entered the citadel which he had vainly besieged, blew it all up with the exception of the belltower and the citizens' or clock tower.

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  • On the citadel of Corinth there was a temple sacred to her and Bia (Violence), which none were permitted to enter.

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  • The citadel, which had been constructed by Vauban on the site of the old castle after the capture of Bitsch by the French in 1624, had been destroyed when it was restored to Lorraine in 1698.

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  • The citadel of the 15th century, constructed by Francesco di Giorgio Martini of Siena, is on the S.E.

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  • The citadel, erected in 1565, has been almost entirely demolished.

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  • Both revolts were in progress when the Bab, with one of his devoted disciples, was brought from his prison at Chihriq to Tabriz and publicly shot in front of the arg or citadel.

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  • The citadel stands at the north-eastern corner of the enclosure, and presents a very picturesque appearance.

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  • The town of Corfu stands on the broad part of a peninsula, whose termination in the citadel is cut from it by an artificial fosse formed in a natural gully, with a salt-water ditch at the bottom.

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  • There is, however, a handsome esplanade between the town and the citadel, and a promenade by the seashore towards Castrades.

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  • The old fortifications of the town, being so extensive as to require a force of from Io,000 to 20,000 troops to man them, were in great part thrown down by the English, and a simpler plan adopted, limiting the defences to the island of Vido and the old citadel; these are now dismantled.

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  • The great bulk of the Tirynthians must have lived in houses outside the citadel, but under the shelter of its protection, just as in medieval Italy villages grew up round the castles of any powerful lord.

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  • Carthaginian troops held the Messanian citadel against Hiero, while another party in Messana craved the help of the head of Italy.

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  • But at Troina they presently changed their minds, and joined with the Saracens to besiege the count in their citadel.

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  • The existing town appears to date from the time of the Almoravides, who built the citadel, now turned into a prison.

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  • The citadel, which is built on a spur of the Mokattam hills, occupies the S.E.

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  • Besides the citadel, the principal edifices in the Arab quarters are the mosques and the ancient gates.

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  • The citadel or El-Kala was built by Saladin about 1166, but it has since undergone frequent alteration, and now contains a palace erected by Mehemet Ali, and a mosque of Oriental alabaster (based on the model of the mosques at Constantinople) founded by the same pasha on the site of " Joseph's Hall," so named after the prenomen of Saladin.

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  • There are four other mosques within the citadel walls, the chief being that of Ibn Kalaun, built in A.D.

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  • The most magnificent of the city mosques is that of Sultan Hasan, standing in the immediate vicinity of the citadel.

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  • South of the citadel is another group of tombmosques known as the tombs of the Mamelukes.

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  • The mosque of sultan Hasan, below the citadel, those of Muayyad and Kalaun, with the Barkukiya and the mosque of Barkuk in the cemetery of Kait Bey, are instances of the second and more matured style of the period.

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  • Mehemet Ali, originally the Turkish viceroy, by his massacre of the Mamelukes in 1811, in a narrow street leading to the citadel, made himself master of the country, and Cairo again became the capital of a virtually independent kingdom.

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  • Under Mehemet and his successors all the western part of the city has grown up. The khedive Ismail, in making the straight road from the citadel to the Ezbekia gardens, destroyed many of the finest houses of the old town.

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  • In 1882 Cairo was occupied by the British, and British troops continue to garrison the citadel.

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  • A few days after, the Kiswa, or new covering for the Kaba at Mecca, is taken in procession from the citadel, where it is always manufactured, to the mosque of the Hasanhn to be completed; and, later, the caravan of pilgrims departs, when the grand procession of the Mahmal takes place.

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  • Though he did not build a new metropolis he fortified Cairo with the addition of a citadel, and had plans made for a new wall to enclose both it and the double city; this latter plan was never completed, but the former was executed after his death, and from this time till the French occupation of Egypt the citadel of Cairo was the political centre of the country.

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  • Under Kalan we first hear of the Burjite Mamelukes, who owe their name to the citadel (Burj) of Cairo, where 37C0 of the whole number of 12,000 Mamelukes maintained by this sovereign were quartered.

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  • The 7th Ilkhan, Ghazan Mahmud, took advantage of the disorder in the Mameluke empire to invade Syria in the latter half of 1299, when his forces inflicted a severe defeat on those of the new sultan, and seized several cities, including the capital Damascus, of which, however, they were unable to storm the citadel; in 1300, when a fresh army was collected in Egypt, the Mongols evacuated Damascus and made no attempt to secure their other conquests.

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  • His departure with most of the army to attack the Turks at Mataria led to riots in Cairo, in the course of which many Christians were slaughtered; but the national party were unable to get possession of the citadel, and Klber, having defeated the Turks, was soon able to return to the capital.

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  • Thir, the commander of the Albanians, then repaired to the citadel, gained admittance through an embrasure, and, having obtained possession of it, began to cannonade the pasha over the roofs of the intervening houses, and then descended with guns to the Ezbekia and laid close siege to the palace.

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  • A certain Ahmed Pasha, who was about to proceed to a province in Arabia, of which he had been appointed governor, was raised to the important post of pasha of Egypt, through the influence of the Turks and the favor of the sheiks; but Mehemet Ali, who with his Albanians held the citadel, refused to assent to their choice; the Mamelukes moved over from El-Giza, whither they had been invited by Thir Pasha, and Ahmed Paslia betook himself to the mosque of al-Zflhir, which the French had converted into a fortress.

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  • While the guns of the citadel, those at Old Cairo, and even those of the palace of al-Bardisi, were thrice fired in honor of al-AlfI, preparations were immediately begun to oppose him.

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  • The Mamelukes in the citadel directed a fire of shot and shell on the houses of the Albanians which were situated in the Ezbekia; but, on hearing of the flight of their chiefs, they evacuated the place; and Mehemet Au, on gaining possession of it, once more proclaimed Mahommed Khosrev pasha of Egypt.

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  • After the siege had continued many days, Khorshld gave orders to cannonade and bombard the town.; and for six days his commands were executed with little interruption, the citadel itself also lying between two fires.

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  • Khorshid at first refused to yield; but at length, on condition that his troops should be paid, he evacuated the citadel and embarked for Rosetta.

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  • At the mosque called the Ashrafia they separated, one party proceeding to the Azhar and the houses of certain sheiks, and the other continuing along the main street, and through the gate called BI-b Zuwla, where they turned up towards the citadel.

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  • On the 1st of March, Shhhin Bey and the other chiefs (one only excepted) repaired with their retinues to the citadel, and were courteously received by the pasha.

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  • Having taken coffee, they formed in procession, and, preceded and followed by the pashas troops, slowly descended the steep and narrow road leading to the great gate of the citadel; but as soon as the Mamelukes arrived at the gate it was suddenly closed before them.

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  • To these troops their chief now made known the pashas orders to massacre all the Mamelukes within the citadel; therefore, having returned Final by another way, they gained the summits of the walls massacre and houses that hem in the road in which the Mameof the lukes were confined, and some stationed themselves Manic- upon the eminences of the rock through which that U es.

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  • The few who regained the summit of the citadel experienced the same fate as the rest, for no quarter was given.

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  • Four hundred and seventy Mamelukes entered the citadel; and of these very few, if any, escaped.

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  • On the evening of the 14th the 10,000 troops occupying Abbasia barracks, and 5000 in the citadel of Cairo, surrendered.

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  • Ali had no difficulty in finding the money; the garrison, as soon as it was received, marched out with the bulk of the inhabitants; and the last citadel of freedom in the Balkans fell to the tyrant of Iannina.'

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  • The citadel was on Mt.

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  • The Alcazaba or citadel, its oldest part, is built on the isolated and precipitous foreland which terminates the plateau on the north-west.

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  • In the Elbe, between the old town and the Friedrichstadt, lies an island whereon stands the citadel; this is united with both banks by bridges.

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  • The chief town, Le Palais (pop. 2637), has an old citadel and fortifications, and possesses a port which is accessible to vessels drawing 13 ft.

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  • Mataram was bombarded by the fleet, and the troops stormed the sultan's stronghold, and Tjakra Negara, another chieftain's citadel, both after a desperate resistance.

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  • The subjects to which he looked as the most essential of all - the universality of the divine love, the supreme importance of the moral and spiritual elements of religion, the supremacy of conscience, the sense of the central citadel of Christianity.

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  • Amiens was once a place of great strength, and still possesses a citadel of the end of the 16th century, but the ramparts which surrounded it have been replaced by boulevards, bordered by handsome residences.

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  • On the hill above are still to be seen the massive remains of the citadel, built partly in polygonal style.

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  • A second Barrier Treaty was signed between Great Britain and Holland on 29th of January 1713, by which the strong places designed for the barrier were reduced to Furnes, the fort of Knocke, Ypres, Menin, Tournai, Mons, Charleroi and the citadel of Ghent, and certain fortresses in the neighbourhood of that city and of Bruges; Great Britain undertaking to obtain the right for the Dutch to garrison them from the future sovereign of the Spanish Netherlands.

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  • In the centre of the city rises a hill (1647 ft.) which was adopted as the citadel.

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  • Two approaches to the citadel were constructed, both passing through the wall; the openings of both are rectangular.

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  • In defiance of the law a gymnasium was set up under the shadow of the citadel.

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  • Then, during the first or second invasion of Egypt, Jason, hearing that Antiochus was dead, returned suddenly and massacred all the followers of Menelaus who did not take refuge in the citadel.

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  • The citadel was dismantled in 1897.

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  • Its citadel was courageously defended by the patriots (1822); in 1825 the city was burnt to the ground by Ibrahim Pasha.

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  • The Aspis or smaller citadel to the north-east has revealed traces of an earlyMycenaean settlement; the Deiras or ridge connecting the two heights contains a prehistoric cemetery.

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  • It is highly probable that before it became important merely as a temple, it was the fortified centre uniting the Argive people dwelling in the plain, the citadel which was superseded in this function by Tiryns.

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  • While it was thus probably chosen as the earliest site for a citadel facing the sea, its second period points towards Tiryns and Midea.

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  • The position of the British camp, its communications with the citadel and the location of the stores were the worst possible; and the general (Elphinstone) was shattered in constitution.

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  • The citadel and central bazaar of Kabul were destroyed, and the army finally evacuated Afghanistan, December 1842.

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  • The troops landed at Messina, of which the citadel had been held by the royalists throughout, and after three days' desperate fighting the city itself was captured and sacked.

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  • The Bourbonists, although they bombarded the city from the citadel and the warships in the harbour, gradually lost ground, and after three days' street fighting their commander, General Lanza, not knowing that the Garibaldians had scarcely a cartridge left, asked for and obtained a twenty-four hours' armistice (May 30th).

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  • The Neapolitan government then decided on the evacuation of the whole of Sicily except the citadel of Messina, which did not surrender until the following year.

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  • Although Doria was ambitious and harsh, he was a good patriot and successfully opposed the emperor Charles's repeated attempts to have a citadel built in Genoa and garrisoned by Spaniards; neither blandishments nor threats could win him over to the scheme.

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  • This is protected by Fort William and Fort George, as well as by the citadel (Fort Adelaide), and it has three graving-docks connected with the inner harbour, the depths alongside quays and berths being from 12 to 28 ft.

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  • The place du Palais, in which are the palace of the governor and the cathedral, and the kasbah (citadel) are west of the rue de France, as is likewise the place Negrier, containing the law courts.

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  • Strictly it was a huge citadel, in the centre of which was the palace of the caliph and the great mosque.

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  • The older parts of the city, on the right bank of the river, are a maze of narrow and crooked streets, surrounded by ruined walls and a moat, and commanded by the ancient citadel, which stands on a height overlooking the plains of Noguera on the north and of Urgel on the south.

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  • The ruined citadel, the theatre, and the palace of the dukes of Arcos are the only other noteworthy buildings.

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  • The site of the primitive city, which later became the citadel, is occupied by the modern town; it is situated at the end of a long plateau between two valleys, and protected by perpendicular tufa cliffs some 60 ft.

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  • On his refusal, he was handed over to his superiors and imprisoned in the citadel of Amiens and afterwards at Vincennes.

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  • The greater part of the town lies on the right bank of the river, while on the other side is the so-called Bridge Suburb and the citadel (erected in 1715).

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  • Upon the slopes of the citadel hill there is a gipsy quarter.

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  • Petit Bayonne lies between the right bank of the Nive and the Adour; Saint Esprit, dominated by a citadel which is one of the finest works of Vauban, occupies the right bank of the Adour.

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  • It is situated about a mile from the eastern shore of Lake Van, and built along the south side of the citadel rock, an isolated rocky ridge 1300 yds.

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  • On the gently sloping ground east of the citadel are the Gardens, covering an area of 5 m.

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  • On the citadel rock are several inscriptions, the principal being a trilingual one of Xerxes on the southern face.

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  • Terrified out of their lives at the way in which science and criticism were taking one theological citadel after another, the more militant section of the clergy declared war on thought itself.

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  • On the side next the sea the town is defended by a citadel and other fortifications, and the entrance to the harbour is protected by a lighthouse.

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  • Among the wines, however, which are well known may be mentioned the Franconian growths, amongst which the celebrated Stein wine, which is grown at the foot of the citadel of the town of Wurzburg, and in the grand duchy of Baden the celebrated growths of Affenthal (red) and Markgrafler.

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  • Kerkuk is evidently an ancient site, the citadel standing upon an artificial mound 130 ft.

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  • There is a Jewish quarter beneath the citadel, and the reputed sarcophagi of Daniel and the Hebrew children are shown in one of the mosques.

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  • On the same day Louvois orders Vauroy, major of the citadel of Dunkirk, to seize Dauger and conduct him to Pignerol.

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  • On Skeppsholm are naval and military depots, and on Kastellholm a small citadel.

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  • West of the ravine lies the old port, and above this rises what was the Spanish town with the ancient citadel looking down on it; but few traces of Spanish occupation remain.

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  • The kasbah (citadel) or Château Vieux, usedjfor military purposes, lies S.W.

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  • Furius Camillus took it by storm in 396, by means, so we are told, of a tunnel leading into the citadel.

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  • The wall by which Sidon is at present surrounded is pierced by two gates; at the southern angle, upon a heap of rubbish, stand the remains of the citadel.

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  • Castelnuovo is a picturesque town, with a dismantled 14thcentury citadel, which has, at various times, been occupied by Bosnians, Turks, Venetians, Spaniards, Russians, French, English and Austrians.

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  • He removed his capital from Samarkand to Herat, of which place he rebuilt the citadel, restoring and improving the town.

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  • With an army of 80,000 men he marched through Khorasan and Seistan to Kandahar, which city he blockaded ineffectually for a year; but it finally capitulated on the loss of the citadel.

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  • The seizure of the citadel at Shiraz by the adherents of the former, among whom were the more influential of the Zends, may have induced him to adopt this measure as one of prudent conciliation.

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  • The latter, intriguing on his own account, got possession of the town and citadel; he then sallied forth, engaged the Persian forces, and forced them to retire into their own country.

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  • In April 1850, after a siege of more than eighteen months, fortune turned against the bold insurgent, and negotiations were opened for the surrender of the town and citadel.

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  • This chief soon entered upon a series of intrigues in the Persian interests, and, among other acts offensive to Great Britain, suffered one Abbas Kuli, who had, under guise of friendship, betrayed the cause of the salar at Meshed, to occupy the citadel of Herat, and again place a detachment of the shahs troops in Ghurian.

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  • It has a citadel, but is not otherwise fortified, and is surrounded by good gardens and excellent cultivation.

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  • Its fortifications and citadel were demolished by Louis XIII.

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  • It has about 4800 inhabitants, and is the seat of a bishop. The present town occupies the site of the ancient citadel, the Cadmea; two fragments of ancient wall are visible on the north, and another, belonging either to the citadel or the outer wall, on the south.

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  • Its power was further curtailed in 382, when a Spartan force occupied the citadel by a treacherous coup-de-main.

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  • It has remains of the walls of the citadel and of an amphitheatre, and lay on the road from Nola to Abellinum, which was here perhaps joined by a branch from Suessula.

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  • Presumably it was successful; since in the winter of 1685, just after the revocation of the edict of Nantes, Fenelon was put at the head of a number of priests, and sent on a mission to the Protestants of Saintonge, the district immediately around the famous Huguenot citadel of La Rochelle.

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  • A gate was knocked in by the field-pieces, and the town and citadel were stormed in a few minutes.

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  • Two years later Jerusalem was devastated by his general Apollonius, and a Syrian garrison occupied the citadel (Akra).

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  • In the centre of the peninsula and occupying its highest point is a citadel (16th century); another castle farther west is now used as a prison and is in the centre of the native town.

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  • Jehangir tells us in his autobiography that before his father Akbar built the present fort, the town was defended by a citadel of great antiquity.

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  • In 1844 the citadel was bombarded by the French.

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  • In 1832 he commanded the besieging army in the famous scientific siege of the citadel of Antwerp. He was again chosen war minister in July 1834, but resigned in the October following.

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  • On the summit of the rock stands a citadel built by Vincentello d'Istria (see Corsica).

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  • It was formerly the seat of a Greek archbishop, and besides the ancient citadel and palace on the summit of the hill contains several Greek churches, mosques and public baths.

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  • The citadel is now used for barracks.

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  • It consists of three distinct portions - the citadel, the fort and the remains of the city.

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  • The citadel, built by Yusuf Adil Shah, a mile in circuit, is of great strength, well built of the most massive materials, and encompassed by a ditch loo yds.

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  • Within the citadel are the remains of Hindu temples, which prove that Bijapur was an important town in pre-Mahommedan times.

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  • The only open spaces are the market-place and two other squares, one of which, facing the citadel, is adorned with a granite column erected (1818) in commemoration of the defeat of Napoleon I.

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  • Few remains of its former importance exist, the chief being the Citadel built by the Genoese and still showing Latin inscriptions on some of its towers, the one or two detached towers left when the town walls were pulled down, and two or three mosques, formerly Genoese churches.

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  • There was a citadel (still remaining) and magnificent walls.

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  • The Dutch garrison in Kotaraja occupies the old Achinese citadel.

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  • In the centre of the oasis is the old kasbah or citadel.

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  • The fort and citadel to the north-east are built well above the town on a barren mound and are walled and moated.

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  • The city consists of (I) the kreml or citadel (1550), crowning a hill, on which stand also the spacious brick cathedral containing the tombs of two Georgian princes, the archbishop's palace and the monastery of the Trinity; (2) the Byelogorod or White Town, containing the administrative offices and the bazaars; and (3) the suburbs, where most of the population resides.

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  • On the west side lies Lago Superiore, on the east side Lago Inferiore - the boundary between the two being marked by the Argine del Mulino, a long mole stretching northward from the northwest angle of the city to the citadel.

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  • It stands on the site of the ancient Panticapaeum, and, like most towns built by the ancient Greek colonists in this part of the world, occupies a beautiful situation, clustering round the foot and climbing up the sides of the hill (called after Mithradates) on which stood the ancient citadel or acropolis.

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  • Numerous Roman remains have been found in the neighbourhood, of which the chief is the large aqueduct on two tiers of arches which still serves to supply the town and dilapidated citadel with water from Mount Pangeus.

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  • Iwo, calls the place Takarart, and describes it as an ordinary citadel, from which the town gradually developed, taking its name from the Miknasa Berbers.

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  • According to the common story, she offered to betray the citadel, if the Sabines would give her what they wore on their left arms, meaning their bracelets; instead of this, keeping to the letter of their promise, they threw their shields upon her and crushed her to death.

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  • The deed was done while the duke was superintending the building of the above-mentioned citadel, and his corpse was flung into the street (December loth, 1547).

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  • Upon the seizure of the Theban citadel by the Spartans (383 or 382) he fled to Athens, and took the lead in a conspiracy to liberate Thebes.

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  • At the upper end of Castle Street stands the Salvation Army Citadel, an effective castellated mansion, the most imposing "barracks" possessed anywhere by this organization.

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  • Cromwell in his Scottish campaign built the Citadel in 1650 and the mounds on the links, known as "Giant's Brae" and "Lady Fife's Brae," were thrown up by the Protector as batteries.

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  • In 1715 William Mackintosh of Borlum (1662-1743) and his force of Jacobite Highlanders captured the Citadel, of which only the name of Citadel Street and the archway in Couper Street have preserved the memory.

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  • Under the Arabs it was one of the largest cities in Syria, with walls and a strong citadel, which stood on a hill, occupying perhaps the site of the great sun temple.

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  • On the one hand, it is opposed as the citadel of sacerdotal authority and as a peril to morals.

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  • The character of the ancient citadel wall at Athens, already mentioned, has given the name "Pelasgic masonry" to all constructions of large unhewn blocks fitted roughly together without mortar, from Asia Minor to Spain.

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  • S., is known as the Kalah i Darab, or citadel of Darius, and consists of a series of earthworks arranged in a circle round an isolated rock.

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  • Moreover, the site constituted a natural citadel, difficult to approach or to invest, and an almost impregnable refuge in the hour of defeat, within which broken forces might rally to retrieve disaster.

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  • The noble tower, however, which formed the citadel of the colony, still remains, and is a striking feature in the scenery of Constantinople.

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  • Remains of what was probably the ancient citadel are still to be seen, consisting of an oblong or oval line of fortification, solidly and regularly built.

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  • There in August 1876 he began work in the Dometombs and by the Lion Gate, and opened a large pit just within the citadel.

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  • When in 1862 the Turkish garrison in the citadel of Belgrade bombarded the town, he demanded the evacuation of all the Servian fortresses and forts by the Turks.

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  • The pentagonal citadel constructed by Vauban in1682-1684was destroyed during the siege of 1870.

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  • The citadel, El Hacho, built on the neck of the isthmus, dates from the 15th century.

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  • It occupies a narrow strip of land beside the sea, from which it climbs up the steep heights inland to the citadel of Naryn-kaleh, and is on all sides except towards the east surrounded by walls built of porous limestone.

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  • The walls and the citadel are believed to belong to the time of Kavadh's son, Khosrau (Chosroes) Anosharvan.

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  • The citadel (Rocca) itself, erected by Cardinal Albornoz in 1 345, is now a barrack.

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  • Outside the town stands the famous citadel with walls 40 ft.

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  • This citadel was, even as late as the beginning of the 19th century, the strongest fortified place in Persia, and owed its strength to the Afghans who took Barn in 1719 and were not finally expelled until 1801.

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  • The state supports wholly or in part, the university of South Carolina (before 1906 South Carolina College), established at Columbia in 1801; the South Carolina Military Academy (locally called " The Citadel ") established at Charleston in 1845, Clemson Agricultural College (1889), at Clemson, Oconee county, with departments of agriculture, chemistry, mechanics and electricity, textiles and military, and academic and preparatory courses; Winthrop Normal and Industrial College for Girls (1895) at Rock Hill, and the Coloured Normal, Industrial, Agricultural and Mechanical College (1896) at Orangeburg.

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  • At the end of the Petersstrasse, in the south-west corner of the inner town and on the promenade, lay the Pleissenburg, or citadel, modelled, according to tradition, on that of Milan, and built early in the 13th century.

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  • It was at Patras that the Greek revolution began in 1821; but the Turks, confined to the citadel, held out till 1828.

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  • The chief survivals from the demolition are the huge square citadel, which rises to the east of the town, the château de Selles, a good specimen of the military architecture of the 13th century, and, among other gates, the Porte Notre-Dame, a stone and brick structure of the early 17th century.

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  • Handsome boulevards now skirt the town, the streets of which are clean and well-ordered, and a large public garden extends at the foot of the citadel, with a statue of Enguerrand de Monstrelet the chronicler.

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  • The hill occupied by the Pisan fortifications and the medieval town within them must have been the acropolis of the Carthaginian settlement; it is impossible to suppose that a citadel presenting such natural advantages was not occupied.

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  • Soon afterwards the Knights of Saint John established themselves in the town, but failed to conquer the citadel.

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  • It is walled, and has a citadel built in the early years of the 19th century.

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  • The principal public buildings are the old citadel, some old churches, the town hall, a handsome theatre, hospital and market.

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  • The campaign was short and terminated with the capture of the Kej citadel.

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  • The ground covered by the citadel measures nearly 350 by 150 yds., and the town occupies a space of a square mile.

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  • Between the bridge and the Gerger opening and cut into the rock on which the western part of the citadel stands is a tunnel leading to a canal formerly called Darian, now Minab, i.e.

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  • It occupies the site of the ancient city of Zacynthus, said to have been founded by Zacynthus, son of a legendary Arcadian chief, Dardanus, to whom was also attributed the neighbouring citadel of Psophis.

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  • One or both of the pools below the citadel containing sacred fish may have been sacred to Atargatis, an IshtarVenus deity; and according to the Doctrine of Addai, alongside of Venus were worshipped the sun and the moon?

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  • On a height in a corner towards the west, overtopping the town by 100 -200 ft., are the remains of the old citadel, and the two famous Corinthian columns 1 known as " the Throne of Nimrud."

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  • The town, which stands upon a level plain, formerly had strong fortifications, of which only the citadel (Malmohus) remains; in it the earl of Bothwell was imprisoned by Frederick II.

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  • Consequently he had to agree to the temporary Austrian occupation of the territory comprised within the Po, the Sesia and the Ticino, and of half the citadel of Alessandria, to disband his Lombard, Polish and Hungarian volunteers, and to withdraw his fleet from the Adriatic; but he secured an amnesty for all the Lombards compromised in the recent revolution, having even threatened to go to war again if it were not granted.

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  • In 12 4 5 the royal officers assisting the Inquisition seized the heretical citadel of Montsegur, and 200 Cathari were burned in one day.

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  • It has a population of about 5000, including 700 to Boo Jews; there are fine gardens, and an old citadel on a hill.

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  • In the foreground is a broken amphora, in the process of being excavated in a house just outside the citadel walls.

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  • Loading John's body upon a small wagon, they head for the grand bazaar, on route for the citadel.

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  • It is protected by a fortified citadel built on a rocky promontory.

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  • There they built a citadel, a sacred round tower on Rhode Island.

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  • Further south we visit the imperial citadel of Chan Chan.

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  • It would seem that we took the citadel by breech in 1761.

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  • Gezer had only a citadel surrounded by a casemate wall covering a small area.

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  • There is a Neolithic walled citadel with three rings of walls.

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  • The mysterious Dracula House is situated inside the walls of this medieval citadel.

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  • On the southeastern tip of the walled city, the old citadel stands on a hill.

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  • Part of remains of the large citadel built around mid 1650s.

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  • The Uganda Virus Research Institute is possibly Africa's greatest citadel of HIV studies.

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  • The old town is sited on an imposing 9th century citadel, built on top of a peninsula overlooking the Mediteranean Sea.

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  • We went to Guatemala, where we saw the sacred cave underneath the Mayan citadel destroyed by the conquistadors in the 1520s.

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  • The citadel atop the hill at the center of the city was clearly visible, light reflecting off of it's gilded dome.

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  • The Citadel was home to Egypt's rulers for 700 years; an imposing medieval fortress offering sweeping views of the city.

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  • After lunch enter the world of medieval Cairo, visiting the imposing hilltop Citadel built by Saladin in the 12th century.

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  • The ' Lion Rock ' is a citadel of unusual beauty rising 200 meters from the scrub jungle.

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  • The fishing port has remained lively, the 16th century citadel has been well preserved and three remarkable towers are scattered around Saint Tropez.

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  • He watched the kites circling the tall spires of the Turkish mosque in Saladin's citadel, then looked across to the railroad station.

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  • The UN has been told that mass tourism is endangering the citadel, which was made a world heritage site in 1983.

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  • The modern town, which is within the walls of the Byzantine citadel, boasts nothing of interest save a church built out of the ancient ruins.

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  • In 1519 Hungary concluded a three years' truce with Selim I., but the succeeding sultan, Suliman the Magnificent, renewed the war in June 1521 and on the 28th of August captured the citadel of Belgrade.

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  • The hill is crowned by the ruins of the old citadel, which add to the picturesqueness of the view; but the town is not well built, its streets being narrow and many of its houses constructed of sun-dried mud bricks; there are, however, many fine remains of Graeco-Roman and Byzantine architecture, the most remarkable being the temple of Rome and Augustus, on the walls of which is the famous Monumentum Ancyranum (see Ancyra).

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  • The city was several times besieged, the most formidable attack being that which occurred in the reign of Andronicus I., the second emperor, when the Seljuks, under the command of Melik, the son of the great sultan Ala-ed-din, first assaulted the northern wall in the direction of the sea, and afterwards endeavoured to storm the upper citadel by night.

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  • Seizing the agitation in Romagna as a pretext, he had the town of Ferrara occupied by Austrian troops, which provoked the indignation not only of the Liberals but also of the pope, for according to the treaties Austria had the right of occupying the citadel alone.

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  • But the young king was determined to abide by his fathers oath, and had therefore to agree to an Austrian occupation of the territory between the P0, the Ticino and, the Sesia, and of half the citadel of Alessandria, until peace should be concluded, the evacuation of all districts occupied by his troops outside Piedmont, the dissolution of his corps of Lombard, Polish and Hungarian volunteers and the withdrawal of his fleet from the Adriatic.

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  • Antiochus contrived to get possession of the person of Achaeus (see Polybius), but the citadel held out till 213 under Achaeus's widow and then surrendered.

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  • The curtain-wall and towers of the Mycenaean citadel, its gate with heraldic lions, and the great "Treasury of Atreus" had borne silent witness for ages before Schliemann's time; but they were supposed only to speak to the Homeric, or at farthest a rude Heroic beginning of purely Hellenic, civilization.

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  • It was not till Schliemann exposed the contents of the graves which lay just inside the gate (see Mycenae), that scholars recognized the advanced stage of art to which prehistoric dwellers in the Mycenaean citadel had attained.

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  • The space enclosed by the outer wall was left unoccupied after the Persian wars in deference to an oracular response apparently dictated by military considerations, the maintenance of an open zone being desirable for the defence of the citadel.

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  • To its embellishment they probably contributed the older ornamental entrance, facing south-west, the precursor of the greater structure of Mnesicles (see Propylaea) and the colonnade of the " Hecatompedon," or earlier temple of Athena, at this time the only large sacred edifice on the citadel.

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  • The Doubs almost surrounds the city proper forming a peninsula, the neck of which is occupied by a height crowned by the citadel; on the right bank lie populous industrial suburbs.

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  • Dismantled since 1816, and now largely converted into promenades, the fortifications give the city an irregular pentagonal contour, modified at the north-west corner by the addition of a citadel also pentagonal.

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  • The marriage, however, was forbidden by Philip. Alexander, as soon as he had reduced Ionia, summoned Halicarnassus, where Memnon, the paramount satrap of Asia Minor, had taken refuge with the Persian fleet, to surrender; and on its refusal took the city after hard fighting and devastated it, but not being able to reduce the citadel, was forced to leave it blockaded.

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  • The town has a citadel built by Vauban on a rock beside the river, and embracing in its enceinte ruins of an old Gothic château.

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  • There are good roads, and railways connect the chief town with Batavia, Samarang, Surakarta, &c. The town of Jokjakarta (see Java) is the seat of the resident, the sultan and the Paku Alam princes; its most remarkable section is the kraton or citadel of the sultan.

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  • The kasbah (citadel) or Château Vieux, usedjfor military purposes, lies S.W.

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  • Allowing the queen of Navarre to shut herself up in La Rochelle, the citadel of the reformers, and the king to loiter over the siege of Saint Jean dAngly, Coligny pushed boldly forward towards Paris and, having reached Burgundy, defeated the royal army at Arnay-le-duc. Catherine had exhausted all her resources; and having failed in her project of remarrying Philip II.

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  • The chief survivals from the demolition are the huge square citadel, which rises to the east of the town, the château de Selles, a good specimen of the military architecture of the 13th century, and, among other gates, the Porte Notre-Dame, a stone and brick structure of the early 17th century.

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  • The tenement blocks on each side of the Citadel, comprising 21 flats, are to be sold off.

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  • Geologic surveys were undertaken, construction plans began, and the Citadel was established in 1850 with the fortress manned with long range cannons and guns capable of taking out hostile ships entering the bay.

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