Carbon-dioxide Sentence Examples

Of these carbon dioxide and water are the most prominent.

It possesses an alkaline reaction and absorbs carbon dioxide.

These show that a definite intake of carbon dioxide is always accompanied by an exhalation of an equal volume of oxygen.

Terrestrial plants have a gaseous interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide which is necessary for respiration and feeding.

It absorbs carbon dioxide from the air when moist.

When carbon dioxide is passed into this solution the whole of the added oxide, and even part of the oxide of the normal salt, is precipitated as a basic carbonate chemically similar, but not quite equivalent as a pigment, to white lead.

It loses carbon dioxide when heated to high temperature.

Silicon tetraiodide, Si14, is formed by passing iodine vapour mixed with carbon dioxide over strongly-heated silicon (C. Friedel, Comptes rendus, 1868, 67, p. 98); the iodo-compound condenses in the colder portion of the apparatus and is purified by shaking with carbon bisulphide and with mercury.

Rejecting the old notion that plants derive their nourishment from humus, he taught that they get carbon and nitrogen from the carbon dioxide and ammonia present in the atmosphere, these compounds being returned by them to the atmosphere by the processes of putrefaction and fermentation - which latter he regarded as essentially chemical in nature - while their potash, soda, lime, sulphur, phosphorus, &c., come from the soil.

Of the carbon dioxide and ammonia no exhaustion can take place, but of the mineral constitutents the supply is limited because the soil cannot afford an indefinite amount of them; hence the chief care of the farmer, and the function of manures, is to restore to the soil those minerals which each crop is found, by the analysis of its ashes, to take up in its growth.

It forms many crystalline salts and absorbs carbon dioxide.

Sidney Young has suggested conducting the operation in a current of carbon dioxide which sweeps out the vapours as they are evolved, and also heating in a vapour bath, e.g.

Operating in a current of carbon dioxide facilitates the process by preventing overheating.

It is used in the extraction of sugar from molasses, since it combines with the sugar to form a soluble saccharate, which is removed and then decomposed by carbon dioxide.

Caesium hydroxide, Cs(OH) 2, obtained by the decomposition of the sulphate with baryta water,is a greyish-white deliquescent solid,which melts at a red heat and absorbs carbon dioxide rapidly.

For its complete combustion a volume of acetylene needs approximately twelve volumes of air, forming as products of combustion carbon dioxide and water vapour.

The tetroxide, 0s04, can be easily reduced to the metal by dissolving it in hydrochloric acid and adding zinc, mercury, or an alkaline formate to the liquid, or by passing its vapour, mixed with carbon dioxide and monoxide, through a red-hot porcelain tube.

The protoxide, OsO, is obtained as a dark grey insoluble powder when osmium sulphite is heated with sodium carbonate in a current of carbon dioxide.

This formula was very nearly confirmed for hydrogen, carbon dioxide and nitrous oxide.

The dissipation of the dissolved carbon dioxide results in the formation of "fur" in kettles or boilers, and if the solution is falling, as from the roof of a cave, in the formation of stalactites and stalagmites.

It is obtained as rhombic plates by mixing dilute solutions of calcium chloride and sodium phosphate, and passing carbon dioxide into the liquid.

The aqueous solution of this salt liberates carbon dioxide on exposure to air or on heating, and becomes alkaline in reaction.

The aqueous solutions of all the carbonates when boiled undergo decomposition with liberation of ammonia and of carbon dioxide.

Heated in a current of carbon dioxide sodamide yields caustic soda and cyanamide, and with nitrous oxide it gives sodium azoimide; it deflagrates with lead or silver nitrate and explodes with potassium chlorate.

Dry carbon dioxide is decomposed by it, free carbon being produced; moist carbon dioxide, on the other hand, gives sodium formate.

It absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Acids yield a sodium salt and free oxygen or hydrogen peroxide; with carbon dioxide it gives sodium carbonate and free oxygen; carbon monoxide gives the carbonate; whilst nitrous and nitric oxides give the nitrate.

We may here notice the "percarbonates" obtained by Wolffenstein and Peltner (Ber., 1908, 41, pp. 2 75, 280) on acting with gaseous or solid carbon dioxide on Na202, Na203 and NaHO 2 at low temperatures; the same authors obtained a perborate by adding sodium metaborate solution to a 50% solution of sodium peroxide previously saturated with carbon dioxide.

It may be prepared by passing carbon dioxide over red-hot carbon, or red-hot iron; by heating carbonates (magnesite, chalk, &c.) with zinc dust or iron; or by heating many metallic oxides with carbon.

It may also be prepared by heating formic and oxalic acids (or their salts) with concentrated sulphuric acid (in the case of oxalic acid, an equal volume of carbon dioxide is produced); and by heating potassium ferrocyanide with a large excess of concentrated sulphuric acid, K 4 Fe(CN) 6 -i-6H2S04+6H20=2K2S04+FeS04+3(NH4)2S04+6C0.

It burns with a characteristic pale blue flame to form carbon dioxide.

The volume composition of carbon monoxide is established by exploding a mixture of the gas with oxygen, two volumes of the gas combining with one volume of oxygen to form two volumes of carbon dioxide.

The volume composition of carbon dioxide is determined by burning carbon in oxygen, when it is found that the volume of carbon dioxide formed is the same as that of the oxygen required for its production, hence carbon dioxide contains its own volume of oxygen.

Water decomposes it violently, with formation of carbon dioxide and hydrochloric acid.

It Is Soluble In Water; The Aqueous Solution Gradually Decomposes On Standing, Forming Carbon Dioxide And Sulphuretted Hydrogen.

The solution is strongly caustic. It turns yellow on exposure to air, absorbing oxygen and carbon dioxide and forming thiosulphate and potassium carbonate and liberating sulphuretted hydrogen, which decomposes into water and sulphur, the latter combining with the monosulphide to form higher salts.

The free acid, when heated with concentrated sulphuric acid, is decomposed into water and pure carbon monoxide; when heated with nitric acid, it is oxidized first to oxalic acid and finally to carbon dioxide.

The silver and mercury salts, when heated, yield the metal, with liberation of carbon dioxide and formation of free formic acid; and the ammonium salt, when distilled, gives some formamide, Hconh 2.

This process, which is as yet imperfectly understood, is attended by the consumption of oxygen, the liberation of energy in the form of heat, and the exhalation of carbon dioxide and water vapour.

But there is no good evidence for an excess of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere - an assumption founded on the luxuriance of the vegetation, coupled with the fact that volcanicity was active and wide-ranging.

Dilute nitric acid oxidizes it to acetic and oxalic acids, while potassium permanganate oxidizes it to acetone, carbon dioxide and oxalic acid.

The want of chlorophyll restricts their mode of life - which is rarely aquatic - since they are therefore unable to decompose the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere, and renders them dependent on other plants or (rarely) animals for their carbonaceous food-materials.

Experiments on the combustion of diamond were made by Smithson Tennant (1797) and Sir Humphry Davy (1816), with the object of proving that it is pure carbon; they showed that burnt in oxygen it yields exactly the same amount of carbon dioxide as that produced by burning the same weight of carbon.

Several basic carbonates are known, being formed by the addition of beryllium salts to solutions of the alkaline carbonates; the normal carbonate is prepared by passing a current of carbon dioxide through water containing the basic carbonate in suspension, the solution being filtered and concentrated over sulphuric acid in an atmosphere of carbon dioxide.

The crystals so obtained are very unstable and decompose rapidly with evolution of carbon dioxide.

Potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid oxidize it to carbon dioxide and acetic acid, while alkaline potassium permanganate oxidizes it to carbon dioxide.

By continued boiling of its aqueous solution it is decomposed into carbon dioxide and glyoxylic acid, C2H404.

Minute vesicular cavities are not infrequently present, sometimes as negative cubes, and these may contain saline solutions or carbon dioxide or gaseous hydrocarbons.

Alkaline hypobromites or hypochlorites or nitrous acid decompose urea into carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

It is also decomposed by warm aqueous solutions of caustic alkalis, with evolution of ammonia and carbon dioxide.

Acid potassium permanganate oxidizes it to carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

Allophanic acid, NH 2 C0 NH CO 2 H, is not known in the free state, as when liberated from its salts, it is decomposed into urea and carbon dioxide.

The potassium salt, KMnO 4, may be prepared by passing chlorine or carbon dioxide through an aqueous solution of potassium manganate, or by the electrolytic oxidation of the manganate at the anode [German patent 101710 (1898)].

Barium Permanganate, BaMn 2 0 8, crystallizes in almost black needles, and is formed by passing carbon dioxide through water containing suspended barium manganate.

Knowing that the water produced by the combustion of alcohol was not pre-existent in that substance but was formed by the combination of its hydrogen with the oxygen of the air, he burnt alcohol and other combustible organic substances, such as wax and oil, in a known volume of oxygen, and, from the weight of the water and carbon dioxide produced and his knowledge of their composition, was able to calculate the amounts of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen present in the substance.

It has strong basic properties, absorbs carbon dioxide readily, and forms welldefined crystalline salts.

For the manufacture of bleaching-powder, limestone of high degree of purity (especially free from magnesia and iron) is carefully burned so as to drive out nearly all the carbon dioxide without overheating the lime.

The same apparatus is used for " oxidizing " by means of atmospheric air passed through by means of an injector; sometimes both air and carbon dioxide are passed in at the same time.

The wet alkali-waste as it comes from the lixiviating vats, is transferred into upright iron cylinders in which it is systematically treated with lime-kiln gases until the whole of the calcium sulphide has been converted into calcium carbonate, the carbon dioxide of the lime-kiln gases being entirely exhausted.

The former needs only grinding to constitute the final product, ammoniasoda ash; the latter is again employed in the process of treating the ammoniacal salt solution with carbon dioxide.

It begins, however, not with ready-made ammonium bicarbonate, but with the substances from which it is formed - ammonia, water and carbon dioxide - which are made to act on sodium chloride.

The ammoniacal salt solution is now saturated with carbon dioxide.

Just below the top there is a cooling arrangement, so that nearly all the water is condensed and runs back into the column, while the ammonia, with the carbon dioxide formerly combined with part of it, passes on first through an outside cooler where the remaining water is condensed, and afterwards into the vessels, already described, where the ammonia is absorbed by a solution of salt and thus again introduced into the process.

It combines with potassium to give (C 6 H 5) 3 CK, which with carbon dioxide gives potassium triphenylacetate, (C6H5)3C C02K.

The dichloride, WC1 2, is an amorphous grey powder obtained by reducing the hexachloride at a high temperature in hydrogen, or, better, by heating the tetrachloride in a current of carbon dioxide.

Aqueous solutions of the acid are decomposed in sunlight by uranium salts, with evolution of carbon dioxide and the formation of propionic acid.

Potassium permanganate, in acid solution, oxidizes it to carbon dioxide and water.

It does not yield an anhydride, but when heated loses carbon dioxide and leaves a residue of propionic acid.

Ferrous chloride decomposes the copper oxide and carbonate with the formation of cuprous and cupric chlorides (which remain in solution), and the precipitation of ferrous oxide, carbon dioxide being simultaneously liberated from the carbonate.

It oxidizes carbon compounds to carbon dioxide and water, and therefore finds extensive application in analytical organic chemistry.

Copper rust has the same composition as malachite; it results from the action of carbon dioxide and water on the metal.

It carbonizes when heated with strong sulphuric acid, giving, among other products, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

It is a white powder moderately soluble in cold water, readily soluble in hot water, the solution possessing an alkaline reaction and absorbing carbon dioxide readily.

From this iodide the trimethyl stibine may be obtained by distillation with an alloy of potassium and antimony in a current of carbon dioxide.

The stibonium iodide on treatment with moist silver oxide gives the corresponding tetramethyl stibonium hydroxide, Sb(CH 3)40H, which forms deliquescent crystals, of alkaline reaction, and absorbs carbon dioxide readily.

In other words these bacteria can build up organic matter from purely mineral sources by assimilating carbon from carbon dioxide in the dark and by obtaining their nitrogen from ammonia.

The energy liberated during the oxidation of the nitrogen is regarded as splitting the carbon dioxide molecule, - in green plants it is the energy of the solar rays which does this.

There exist in the mud of marshes, rivers and cloacae, &c., however, other anaerobic bacteria which decompose cellulose, probably hydrolysing it first and then splitting the products into carbon dioxide and marsh gas.

Reduction by sodium amalgam converts it into isopropyl alcohol; oxidation by chromic acid gives carbon dioxide and acetic acid.

Chromic acid oxidizes it to acetic acid and carbon dioxide; potassium permanganate oxidizes it to pyruvic acid; nitric acid to oxalic acid, and a mixture of manganese dioxide and sulphuric acid to acetaldehyde and carbon dioxide.

Usually these cavities contain a liquid (water, a saline solution, carbon dioxide or petroleum) and a movable bubble of gas.

The first is prepared by heating red phosphorus with finely powdered sulphur in a tube sealed at one end and filled with carbon dioxide.

The product is extracted with carbon disulphide and the residue distilled in carbon dioxide.

Oxidation by potassium permanganate gives phthalic acid; whilst chromic acid gives carbon dioxide and water.

Carbon decomposes hot strong sulphuric acid on long continued boiling, with the formation of carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

The cis 1.2-cyclo-propane dicarboxylic acid is formed by eliminating carbon dioxide from cyclo-propane tricarboxylic acid -1.2.3 (from 43-dibrompropionic ester and sodio-malonic ester).

This scheme is particularly applicable to coal-gas Carbon dioxide is absorbed by a potash solution containing one part of potash to between two and three of water; the stronger solution absorbs about 40 volumes of the gas.

When small in amount, it is better to estimate as carbon dioxide by burning with oxygen and absorbing in potash; when large in amount, the bulk is absorbed in ammoniacal cuprous chloride and the residue burned.

Methane cannot be burnt in this way even when there is much hydrogen present, and several other methods have been proposed, such as mixing with air and aspirating over copper oxide heated to redness, or mixing with oxygen and burning in a platinum tube heated to redness, the carbon dioxide formed being estimated by absorption in potash.

At this point in the manufacturing process the gas has already undergone some important changes in its composition, but there yet remain impurities which must be removed, these being ammonia, sulphuretted hydrogen, carbon disulphide and carbon dioxide.

As nearly as possible all the carbon dioxide is extracted, but most gas companies are now exempt from having to purify the gas from sulphur compounds other than sulphuretted hydrogen.

Atkinson Butterfield gives the composition of the gas at this It happens that ammonia, being a strong base, will effect the extraction of a certain proportion of such compounds as sulphuretted hydrogen, carbon dioxide and hydrocyanic acid, and the gas is now washed with water and ammoniacal liquor.

In this wet purifying apparatus the gas is almost wholly freed from ammonia and from part of the sulphuretted hydrogen, whilst carbon dioxide and carbon disulphide are also partially extracted.

When the gas had to be purified from carbon disulphide as well as from sulphuretted hydrogen, slaked lime was employed for the removal of carbon dioxide and the greater quantity of the sulphur compounds, whilst a catch box or purifier of oxide of iron served to remove the last traces of sulphuretted hydrogen.

This operation was necessitated by the fact that carbon dioxide has the power of breaking up the sulphur compounds formed by the lime, so that until all carbon dioxide is absorbed with the formation of calcium carbonate, the withdrawal of sulphuretted hydrogen cannot proceed, whilst since it is calcium sulphide formed by the absorption of sulphuretted hydrogen by the slaked lime that absorbs the vapour of carbon disulphide, purification from the latter can only be accomplished after the necessary calcium sulphide has been formed.

The foul gas leaving the scrubbers contains, as a general average, 30 grains of sulphuretted hydrogen, 40 grains of carbon disulphide and zoo grains of carbon dioxide per Ioo cub.

On entering the first purifier, which contains calcium thiocarbonate and other combinations of calcium and sulphur in small quantity, the sulphuretted hydrogen and disulphide vapour have practically no action upon the material, but the carbon dioxide immediately attacks the calcium thiocarbonate, forming calcium carbonate with the production of carbon disulphide vapour, which is carried over with the gas into the second box.

It will be noticed that in the earlier stages the quantity of sulphur impurities is actually increased between the purifiers - in fact, the greater amount of sulphiding procures the ready removal of the carbon disulphide, - but it is the carbon dioxide in the gas that is the disturbing element, inasmuch as it decomposes the combinations of sulphur and calcium; consequently it is a paramount object in this system to prevent this latter impurity finding its way through the first box of the series.

The finding of any traces of carbon dioxide in the gas between the first two boxes is generally the signal for a new clean purifier being put into action, and the first one shut off, emptied and recharged with fresh lime, the impregnated material being sometimes sold for dressing certain soils.

Under these conditions producer gas ceases to exist as a by-product, and the gases of the blow consist merely of the incombustible products of com plete combustion, carbon dioxide and nitrogen, the result being that more than three times / the heat is developed for the combustion of the same amount of fuel, and nearly double the quantity of water gas can be made per pound of fuel than was before possible.

The effect of this arrangement is that the great body of coal reaches a higher temperature than in an ordinary fireplace, and this, together with the reduction of the carbon dioxide formed immediately above the grate by the red-hot coal in the upper part of the furnace, leads to the formation of carbon monoxide which later on, on the spot where the greatest heat is required, is burned into dioxide by admitting fresh air, preferably pre-heated.

In practical work about 4 lb of steam is decomposed for each pound of anthracite consumed, and no more than 5% of carbon dioxide is found in the resulting gas.

The blowing-up gas contains 17 or 18% carbon dioxide and 1.5% oxygen, with mere traces of carbon monoxide.

The solution is best prepared by dissolving the hydrate in hydrochloric acid and removing the excess of acid by evaporation, or by passing chlorine into the solution obtained by dissolving the metal in hydrochloric acid and removing the excess of chlorine by a current of carbon dioxide.

A soluble carbonate and a ferric salt give a precipitate which loses carbon dioxide on drying.

The name is also given to the neutral carbon dioxide from its power of forming salts with oxides, and on account of the acid nature of its solution; and, although not systematic, this use is very common.

This theory was controverted by Wyndham Dunstan, who attempted to prove that carbon dioxide was not necessary to rusting; and in place of the acid theory, he set up a scheme which involved the production of hydrogen peroxide.

Moody has since shown that when all traces of carbon dioxide are removed (which is a matter of great experimental difficulty) iron may be left in contact with oxygen and water for long periods without rust appearing, but on' the admission of carbon dioxide specks are rapidly formed.

Figure 2. Atmospheric carbon dioxide mirrors plankton abundance over much shorter timescale of hours in the Atlantic.

High concentrations of carbon dioxide in the blood, causes the blood to become more acidic.

Other physiological effects are not well defined but can involve reduced carbon dioxide assimilation and reduced protein synthesis.

The majority of the pigs did not show aversion to the presence of 30 per cent carbon dioxide in air.

For some ecosystem parameters, for example total above-ground biomass, temperature effects were stronger than carbon dioxide effects.

The hydroxide can then be reacted with carbon dioxide to form calcium carbonate.

Gas stunning or killing, using carbon dioxide or carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide.

By absorbing carbon dioxide the oceans actually help stave off climate change.

Boiling the water, which must also be cooled, will remove the dissolved carbon dioxide.

Glossary Blood Blood supplies oxygen to the body and removes carbon dioxide.

Figure 1. atmospheric carbon dioxide mirrors plankton growth in inverse relationship.

Clean technologies, including use of supercritical carbon dioxide in polymer technologies.

Every ton of freight carried by rail, rather than road, produces at least 80% less carbon dioxide.

They will also produce a lot more carbon dioxide which needs to be excreted by the lungs.

The problem is that we are pumping out twice as much carbon dioxide as these natural systems can remove.

Over expression of barley aquaporin gene in rice led to increased carbon dioxide conductance and assimilation [21] .

Second, we can reduce inputs of carbon dioxide by reducing wasteful energy consumption.

This produces a very narrow gap across which oxygen and carbon dioxide can rapidly diffuse.

It must let oxygen in so you can breathe, and it must be able to expel carbon dioxide so you don't choke.

Changes in the composition of soil-dwelling Collembola (springtail) communities in response to elevated carbon dioxide.

They protect the environment by using oxygen to convert poisonous carbon monoxide and hydrocarbons into harmless carbon dioxide and water.

The partial pressure of carbon dioxide has a much smaller effect on the current voltage curves than the partial pressure of oxygen.

Each stove reduces carbon dioxide emissions by around 1.5 tons per year, compared to an open wood fire.

The Reclaim Power group want to close Drax - claiming it is the UK's largest single emitter of carbon dioxide.

Our projects also reduce emissions of greenhouse gases other than CO2, and convert these to carbon dioxide equivalents.

The coke (essentially impure carbon) burns in the blast of hot air to form carbon dioxide - a strongly exothermic reaction.

Foam or carbon dioxide extinguishers Use water spray to cool containers.

It reduces by 13% on the ' technical fix ' scenario, cutting carbon dioxide emissions by around 9% .

The enzyme catalyzes the first step in carbon dioxide fixation in these plants and good inhibitors might be effective herbicides.

In fact, the average home emits more harmful carbon dioxide gas than the average car every year.

In Britain, total emissions have fallen because electricity generation has switched from coal to gas which produces less Carbon Dioxide.

In this case it was the sin of releasing carbon dioxide into the atmosphere that offended our moral guardians.

They deal with carbon monoxide and unburnt hydrocarbons which react with oxygen to produce carbon dioxide and water.

This increase in CSF acidity causes hyperventilation which lowers the carbon dioxide concentration in the blood.

Despite much research, the mechanism by which carbon dioxide levels were reduced during cold glacial periods relative to warm interglacials eludes us.

In bread making carbon dioxide causes the dough to rise giving lightness to the bread whilst the alcohol is driven off during baking.

The report says that the government's ability to reach the target on carbon dioxide is ' in grave peril ' .

Plants, including the phytoplankton, remove carbon dioxide for use in photosynthesis.

In the oceans plankton soak up carbon dioxide and sink to the bottom.

The amount of carbon dioxide produced is directly proportionate to the oxygen consumed.

At the same time, carbon dioxide diffuses from the venous blood into the alveolar sacs.

The voluntary scheme will calculate the carbon dioxide emissions created by official air travel.

The presence of carbon dioxide tends to raise the lower limit since it has a higher specific heat than nitrogen.

Also, leaves that live in areas with low levels of carbon dioxide have more stomata than those in areas with higher levels.

The UK Energy White Paper sets a national target to reduce carbon dioxide emissions by 60% by 2050.

The test is based on the capacity of H. pylori to secrete the enzyme urease, which hydrolyses urea to ammonia and carbon dioxide.

But analysis has failed to find such differences; the ratio of the weights of lime and carbon dioxide is found to be the same in all three substances.

This formula substantially holds good to the present day, although a number of definite bodies other than carbon dioxide and alcohol occur in small and varying quantities, according to the conditions of the fermentation and the medium fermented.

In the terrestrial plants it differs in the subterranean and subaerial parts, being in the former preeminently absorptive, and in the latter protectiveprovision at the same time being made for the gaseous interchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide necessary for respiration and feeding.

The detection of carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds by the formation of carbon dioxide and water when they are burned was first correctly understood by Lavoisier, and as he had determined the carbon and hydrogen content of these two substances he was able to devise methods by which carbon and hydrogen in organic compounds could be estimated.

If twelve grammes of amorphous carbon be burnt to carbon dioxide under constant volume, the heat evolved (96.96 cal.) does not measure the entire thermal effect, but the difference between this and the heat required to break down the carbon molecule into atoms. If the number of atoms in the carbon molecule be denoted by n, and the heat required to split off each atom from the molecule by d, then the total heat required to break down a carbon molecule completely into atoms is nd.

Haemoglobin is composed of a basic albumin and an acid substance haematin; it combines readily with oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to form loose compounds (see Nutrition).

In the electrolysis of a concentrated solution of sodium acetate, hydrogen is evolved at the cathode and a mixture of ethane and carbon dioxide at the anode.

Its vapour density agrees with the molecular formula C302, and this formula is also confirmed by exploding the gas with oxygen and measuring the amount of carbon dioxide produced (see Ketenes).

Moissan (Comptes rend., 1902, 134, p. 261) prepared potassium formate by passing a current of carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide over heated potassium hydride, KH+CO 2 = Khco 2 and KH-F2CO = Khco2+C.

The palisade layers of the mesophyll contain the larger number of chlorophyll grains (or corpuscles) while the absorption of carbon dioxide is carried on chiefly through the lower epidermis which is generally much richer in stomata.

Mallet, Comptes rendus, 1867, 64,' p. 226; 1868, 66, p. 349); by the electrolysis of solutions of sodium hydroxide, using nickel electrodes; by heating calcium plumbate (obtained from litharge and calcium carbonate) in a current of carbon dioxide (G.

Various forms of apparatus are employed for this treatment of the crude bicarbonate - sometimes semi-circular troughs with mechanical agitators on the principle of the Thelen pan (see above) - all acting on the principle that the escaping ammonia and carbon dioxide must be fully utilized over again.

The gases so formed vary in proportion with the temperature of the generator and .the amount of steam, but generally contain 32 to 38% of combustible gas, the remainder being the residual nitrogen of the air and carbon dioxide.

In the Dellwik process, however, the main point is the adjustment of the air supplied to the fuel in the generator in such a way that carbon dioxide is formed instead of carbon monoxide.

Crace-Calvert in 1871 showed that the carbon dioxide of the atmosphere was a factor; and in 1888 Crum Brown published the theory - termed the "carbonic acid theory" - that water and carbon dioxide react with iron to form ferrous carbonate and hydrogen, the ferrous carbonate being subsequently oxidized by moist oxygen to ferric hydrate and regenerating carbon dioxide, which again reacts with more iron.

Humans require relatively little oxygen, and plants are constantly transforming the carbon dioxide we exhale back into useful oxygen.

The UK has set itself onto a path of a 60 per cent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions by 2050.

One of the more fantastic possibilities given scientific attention has been sequestering carbon dioxide in the oceans by fertilizing them with iron.

The cyanobacteria and algae that make up the crusts can fix atmospheric nitrogen and sequester carbon dioxide directly from the atmosphere.

This is the reason that some of the global community is looks at the capture and sequestration of carbon dioxide.

During hydrogen production, sorbent materials are used to remove gases such as carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide and nitrogen.

Ocean carbon sequestration is still one of important future options to stabilize the carbon dioxide concentration in the atmosphere.

This stage takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and involve the fixation of carbon dioxide and the synthesis of glucose.

Callisto has a very tenuous atmosphere composed of carbon dioxide.

In Britain, the average person creates around 10 tons of carbon dioxide every year, compared to the two tons produced by Africans.

Observations of phytoplankton blooms without the addition of iron supplements show underutilized resources of carbon dioxide and nitrates, supporting Martin 's Iron Hypothesis.

Yeast - a simple, unicellular, microscopic plant that causes the fermentation of sugars to alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Some of the tests involved pure water vapor whilst others examined the effects of injection of carbon dioxide and air into the condensing vapor.

Plants can survive with water, sunlight, and carbon dioxide because of photosynthesis.

Dry ice is frozen carbon dioxide useful for freezing things due to its temperature of -109 degrees Fahrenheit and is sometimes used in freezing and shipping items that should remain frozen.

RealClimate, a website run by climate scientists, states that the rising temperatures affect the ocean's ability to absorb carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and this increases the acidity of the ocean waters.

Plants take in carbon dioxide and release oxygen, thus transferring carbon from the atmosphere into the biosphere, where it stays until the plant dies.

Studies have shown that biodiesel from virgin vegetable oil reduces carbon dioxide emissions and petroleum consumption when used in place of petroleum diesel.

When B100 in urban transit buses is used, the result is a reduction of net carbon dioxide emissions by 78.45 percent.

Since fossil fuels consist of carbon and hydrogen atoms, they create carbon dioxide when they are burned, or combusted.

Oil burning is reportedly responsible for 30 percent of all carbon dioxide emissions.

Purer coals do produce carbon dioxide but they also produce fewer bi-products.

The burning of fossil fuels results in carbon dioxide and other particulates which are released into the air.

Among the long list of pollutants that the burning of fossil fuels emits into the air are sulfur oxides, nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide, and carbon dioxide.

Carbon monoxide is poisonous to humans and animals, and carbon dioxide is a primary greenhouse gas, contributing to global warming.

In a larger environmental sense, landfills emit methane gas, which is a more dangerous greenhouse gas than carbon dioxide.

One of the major problems stems from the fact that trees and other plants naturally convert harmful carbon dioxide in the air into oxygen.

With the current rate of burning down trees in the rain forests as well as other instances of deforestation worldwide, we're seeing an overall increase in airborne carbon dioxide.

Warmer global temperatures are causing the arctic tundra to begin emitting carbon dioxide.

Carbon dioxide is the most significant cause of global warming, and most carbon dioxide emissions result from the burning of fossil fuels.

Coal is the largest producer of carbon dioxide emissions, giving off nearly twice as much carbon per energy unit as natural gas.

Pollution created by cars and light trucks accounts for nearly one-third of American carbon emission, and emissions of carbon dioxide from airplanes is responsible for an additional 3.5 percent of global warming.

All living plants are capable of storing carbon, but as the number of plants on the planet declines, the amount of carbon dioxide free to build up in the atmosphere increases.

As the ocean continues to become more acidic because of carbon dioxide emissions, coral reefs are becoming decimated.

The burning of fossil fuels and the resulting increased levels of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere contribute to the greenhouse effect.

Reduce, reuse, and recycle to minimize waste and reduce carbon dioxide emissions.

Plant a tree to help absorb carbon dioxide from the environment.

Moreover, traditional residential water heaters produce nearly half the total carbon dioxide emissions of an average car.

Global warming occurs when greenhouse gases, such as carbon dioxide and methane, trap heat from the sun inside the atmosphere.

Plant a tree to reduce carbon dioxide in the environment and replace trees lost to deforestation.

Owning and driving a hybrid will cut down on emissions and carbon dioxide released into the air we all breathe.

Greenhouse gases, like carbon dioxide and methane, help trap heat in the lower atmosphere, keeping the earth livable for human beings.

The Environmental Defense Fund estimates that cars and trucks in the United States account for 45 percent of the world's entire carbon dioxide emissions.

In 2004 that equaled 314 million metric tons of carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere just from the United States.

Three percent of global carbon emissions come from airplanes, and while that doesn't seem like a big number, it is 600 million tons of carbon dioxide.

Deforestation, particularly clear cutting forests by the lumber industry, accounts for nearly 25 percent of the carbon dioxide emitted every year around the globe.

Trees collect and store carbon dioxide that is released immediately back into the atmosphere when they are cut down.

The concerns with water temperatures lie with their role in the carbon dioxide exchange.

Oceans are a major reservoir of carbon dioxide.

The ability for oceans to absorb and store carbon dioxide decreases as water temperatures increase.

Research has linked carbon dioxide emissions to some of the more serious environmental issues, including climate change and the greenhouse effect.

As you learned in science class, trees remove carbon dioxide from the air and produce oxygen.

By cutting down large quantities of trees, the balance of gases is thrown off and too much carbon dioxide remains in the atmosphere.

Anytime gas, oil and other fossil fuels are burned, excess carbon dioxide is released, polluting the air.

The Greenhouse Effect, also known as global warming, is the result of carbon dioxide collecting in the Earth's atmosphere.

In a healthy environment, the planet's plant life would be able to convert the carbon dioxide back to oxygen.

As the planet currently stands, the Earth's plants simply cannot process the abundance of carbon dioxide being produced, which leads to this problem.

The impact of biodegradable bags yielded over 200 percent more carbon dioxide (CO2) equivalent tons than paper bags and over 400 percent for recyclable plastic bags.

While strides have been made curbing pollutants, such as sulfur dioxide, carbon dioxide gas emissions remain the greatest threat in terms of its potential to aid global warming.

Once this oxidation process starts, what's left is converted into water, carbon dioxide and biomass.

Since the majority of electricity used is generated by fossil fuels, using it causes the atmosphere becomes polluted with carbon dioxide (CO2), one of the substances many believe is linked to global warming.

One of the biggest causes of global warming is the huge amount of carbon dioxide emissions released into the atmosphere each day.

Not only do these chemicals cause cropland to store more heat due to the high percentage of nitrogen, they also create nitrogen oxides that are released into the air and mingle with the carbon dioxide to create greenhouse gasses.

The problem is that trees actually remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere and act as living air filters.

This can happen either through burning trees that release carbon dioxide, or by cutting down trees so that they are no longer able to remove carbon dioxide from the atmosphere.

Put simply, countries and individual companies can earn carbon credits, each of which allows the industry to produce one ton of carbon dioxide gas over and above their limits.

Credits are awarded to countries and companies that take steps to lower their carbon dioxide emissions.

They may produce more carbon dioxide one year than the following.

Supporters also assert that their eating philosophy saves the lives of animals and reduces negative environmental effects, such as carbon dioxide emissions.

The heart pumps blood into the tissues and also carries away carbon dioxide and toxins to the liver and kidneys to be eliminated from the body.

The first is to act as the exchange mechanism for the body to allow it to intake oxygen and remove carbon dioxide.

These are the air pockets where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the blood.

With a lower heating bill and less carbon dioxide released into the atmosphere, it's hard to see a downside to these units.

Despite the natural caffeine content of these tea varieties all teas can be decaffeinated through a natural carbon dioxide process.

When a person suffers from OHS and obstructive sleep apnea, they will find their daytime sleepiness increased due to high amounts of carbon dioxide in the blood.

Too much carbon dioxide and a person will experience headaches, hypertension, depression and exhaustion (also known as CO2 narcosis).

Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) treatments at night can help decrease the levels of carbon dioxide in the blood while increasing oxygen saturation.

Most OHS patients are treated on an outpatient basis, but patients who are at severe risk due to levels of carbon dioxide in their blood and related issues (including liver damage) may be hospitalized for initial treatments.

During sleep apnea episodes, throat tissues obstruct the airway, preventing breathing and causing a build-up of carbon dioxide.

Méthode Champenoise is only one form of secondary fermentation that causes wines to bubble up with carbon dioxide.

Over time, the yeast consumes the sugar, creating carbon dioxide bubbles that become trapped in the wine.

When winemakers use gas injection, they essentially create wine soda by using a carbonater to inject carbon dioxide.

The fermentation creates carbon dioxide gas, which is released into the air.

Hemoglobin-An iron-containing pigment of red blood cells composed of four amino acid chains (alpha, beta, gamma, delta) that delivers oxygen from the lungs to the cells of the body and carries carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs.

The baby retains carbon dioxide and may lapse into unconsciousness unless stimulated to breathe.

Taken together, pulmonary function tests give a good picture of how much air is moving in and out of the lungs and how efficiently oxygen is moved into the blood and carbon dioxide is moved out.

Other tests may be used to measure how effectively oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged in the lungs.

The alveoli, in which oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged, are clustered at the ends of the bronchioles.

The individual becomes relatively oxygen deprived, while retaining potentially damaging carbon dioxide.

This results in rapid respiration (tachypnea or faster and faster breathing) in an effort to bring in more oxygen and blow off more carbon dioxide.

In addition, oxygen and carbon dioxide levels may be measured (blood gases) and the exchange evaluated (oximetry).

Also refers to a respiratory therapy involving deeper and/or faster breathing to keep the carbon dioxide pressure in the blood below normal.

In newborns, ECMO is used to support or replace an infant's undeveloped or failing lungs by providing oxygen and removing carbon dioxide waste products so the lungs can rest.

A pump pushes the blood through an artificial membrane lung, where oxygen is added and carbon dioxide is removed.

Membrane oxygenator-The artificial lung that adds oxygen and removes carbon dioxide.

Anemia-A lack of hemoglobin, the compound in blood that carries oxygen from the lungs throughout the body and brings waste carbon dioxide from the cells to the lungs, where it is released.

Electrolyte levels will be measured along with carbon dioxide and pH and serum osmolality, which may indicate hypertonic dehydration.

Chemical vapor deposition is another method to create black or gray diamonds - carbon dioxide is injected into plasma and the resulting crystals may have a black hue.

For example, manufacturing of one kilogram of PET involves releasing 40 grams of hydrocarbons, 25 grams of sulfur oxides, 18 grams of carbon monoxide, 20 grams of nitrogen oxides, and 2.3 kilograms of carbon dioxide.

Automobiles, on the other hand, are the second largest source of total carbon dioxide emissions.

Laser treatment for acne scars typically uses a combination of a carbon dioxide and an erbium laser.

Bedbugs are attracted to carbon dioxide emissions and body warmth, so sleeping bodies are a prime target for these pests.

We can prepare, in the laboratory, a white powder that proves to be calcium carbonate, that is, it appears to be wholly composed of carbon dioxide and lime.

We find in nature two other unlike substances, marble and Iceland spar, each of which is wholly composed of carbon dioxide and lime.

Cobalt monoxide, CoO, is prepared by heating the hydroxide or carbonate in a current of air, or by heating the oxide C0304 in a current of carbon dioxide.

From the foregoing it will be seen that the term fermentation has now a much wider significance than when it was applied to such changes as the decomposition of must or wort with the production of carbon dioxide and alcohol.

Now, as the materials which plants absorb are carbon dioxide from the air, and various inorganic compounds from the soil, together with water, it is clear that if this view is correct, vegetable protoplasm must be fed in a very different way from animal, and on very different materials.

If we examine the seat of active growth in a young root or twig, we find that the cells in which the organic substance, the protoplasm, of the plant is being formed and increased, are not supplied with carbon dioxide and mineral matter, but with such elaborated material as sugar and proteid substances, or others closely allied to them.

These plastids are especially charged with the duty of manufacturing carbohydrates from the carbon dioxide which the air contains, and which is absorbed from it after it has entered the intercellular passages and has so reached the cells containing the plastids.

Photosynthesis commences in the presence of light, carbon dioxide and when the plant is subjected to a suitable temperature.

The first chemical change suggested is an interaction between carbon dioxide and water, under the influence of light acting through chlorophyll, which leads to the simultaneous formation of formaldehyde and hydrogen peroxide.

Up to very recently the original absorption and subsequent treatment of the carbon dioxide and the compounds of nitrogen has been called by the same term.

It is marked by the constant and continuous absorption of a certain quantity of oxygen and bythe exhalation of a certain volume of carbon dioxide and water vapour.

One of the constant features of respirationthe exhalation of carbon dioxide can still be observed.

This comes in almost all such cases from the decomposition of sugar, which is split up by the protoplasm into alcohol and carbon dioxide.

Doubtless, the excess of any soluble mineral salt or salts interferes with the osmotic absorption of the roots; and although calcium carbonate is insoluble in pure water, it is slightly soluble in water containing carbon dioxide.

The sepals are generally organs for the protection of the flower-bud; the petals, for attracting insects by their conspicuous form and color; the foliage-leaves, for the assimilation of carbon dioxide and other associated functions.

The oxides of type RO are soluble in water, the solution possessing a strongly alkaline reaction and rapidly absorbing carbon dioxide on exposure; they are basic in character and dissolve readily in acids with the formation of the corresponding salts.

In its vivid blue colour it contrasts strikingly with the emerald-green malachite, also a basic copper carbonate, but containing rather more water and less carbon dioxide.

Azurite occurs with malachite in the upper portions of deposits of copper ore, and owes its origin to the alteration of the sulphide or of native copper by water containing carbon dioxide and oxygen.

The hydrocarbon methane, CH 4, when completely burned to carbon dioxide and water, generates 213800 cal.

Now we know the heats of formation of carbon dioxide (from diamond) and of liquid water to be 94300 cal.

These esters are readily hydrolysed and yield the monoand di-alkylimalonic acids which, on heating, are readily decomposed, with evolution of carbon dioxide and the formation of monoand di-alkyl acetic acids.

A higher temperature decomposes this body into carbon dioxide and itaconic acid, C 5 H 6 0 4, which, again, by the expulsion of a molecule of water, yields citraconic anhydride, C 5 H 4 0 3.

It burns with a pale blue flame to form carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide.

When passed with carbon dioxide through a red-hot tube it yields carbon oxysulphide, COS (C. Winkler), and when passed over sodamide it yields ammonium thiocyanate.

Carbon bisulphide slowly oxidizes on exposure to air, but by the action of potassium permanganate or chromic acid it is readily oxidized to carbon dioxide and sulphuric acid.

The increase in weight of the calcium chloride tube gives the weight of water formed, and of the potash bulbs the carbon dioxide.

The oxidation, which is effected by chromic acid and sulphuric acid, is conducted in a flask provided with a funnel and escape tube, and the carbon dioxide formed is swept by a current of dry air, previously freed from carbon dioxide, through a drying tube to a set of potash bulbs and a tube containing soda-lime; if halogens are present, a small wash bottle containing potassium iodide, and a U tube containing glass wool moistened with silver nitrate on one side and strong sulphuric acid on the other, must be inserted between the flask and the drying tube.

The increase in weight of the potash bulbs and soda-lime tube gives the weight of carbon dioxide evolved.

Bevan collected the carbon dioxide obtained in this way over mercury.

The magnesite (a) serves for the generation of carbon dioxide which clears the tube of air before the compound (mixed with fine copper oxide (b)) is burned, and afterwards sweeps the liberated nitrogen into the receiving vessel (e), which contains a strong potash solution; c is coarse copper oxide; and d a reduced copper gauze spiral, heated in order to decompose any nitrogen oxides.

Ulrich Kreusler generates the carbon dioxide in a separate apparatus, and in this case the tube is drawn out to a capillary at the end (a).

This artifice is specially valuable when the substance decomposes or volatilizes in a warm current of carbon dioxide.

The value of d can be evaluated by considering the combustion of amorphous carbon to carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide.

It sublimes, but on rapid heating decomposes into carbon dioxide and phenol.

Potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid oxidize it to carbon dioxide and water; and potassium chlorate and hydrochloric acid to chloranil.

In de Lambilly's process air and steam is led over white-hot coke, and carbon dioxide or monoxide removed from the escaping gases according as ammonium formate or carbonate is wanted.

Haemoglobin is composed of a basic albumin and an acid substance haematin; it combines readily with oxygen, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide to form loose compounds.

It appears to be synthesized in the plant tissues from carbon dioxide and water, formaldehyde being an intermediate product; or it may be a hydrolytic product of a glucoside or of a polysaccharose, such as cane sugar, starch, cellulose, &c. In the plant it is freely converted into more complex sugars, poly-saccharoses and also proteids.

It is decomposed, on dry distillation, into carbon dioxide and pyromellitic acid, C i oH 6 0 8 i when distilled with lime it gives carbon dioxide and benzene.

A hydrated oxide, 2PbO H 2 O, is obtained when a solution of the monoxide in potash is treated with carbon dioxide.

The Kassner process for the manufacture of oxygen depends upon the formation of calcium plumbate, Ca2Pb04, by heating a mixture of lime and litharge in a current of air, decomposing this substance into calcium carbonate and lead dioxide by heating in a current of carbon dioxide, and then decomposing these compounds with the evolution of carbon dioxide and oxygen by raising the temperature.

These are knocked off, ground up with water, freed from metal-particles by elutriation, and the paste of white lead is allowed to set and dry in small conical forms. The German method differs from the Dutch inasmuch as the lead is suspended in a large chamber heated by ordinary means, and there exposed to the simultaneous action of vapour of aqueous acetic acid and of carbon dioxide.

Another process depends upon the formation of lead chloride by grinding together litharge with salt and water, and then treating the alkaline fluid with carbon dioxide until it is neutral.

By this means, sodium aluminate is formed; it is then extracted with water and precipitated either by sodium bicarbonate or by passing a current of carbon dioxide through the solution.

When heated in a current of carbon dioxide it forms the oxychloride CbOC1 3, and carbon monoxide.

On oxidation with potassium permanganate it gives homovanillin, vanillin, &c.; with chromic acid in acetic acid solution it is converted into carbon dioxide and acetic acid, whilst nitric acid oxidizes it to oxalic acid.

For example, carbon dioxide occurs in some mines, and hydrogen sulphide, which is a poisonous gas, in others.

The gases produced by such fire-damp or dust explosions contain carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide in large proportion, and the majority of the deaths from such explosions are due to this " after-damp " rather than to the explosion itself.