Artisans Sentence Examples

Many artisans have created wonderful, original works that fit any fashion style.

This consisted at the outset chiefly of mercantile and professional men and artisans.

The accession of a new mikado in 1868 finally ended the old seclusion; financiers, engineers, artisans poured in from Western Europe, and from America came bands of teachers, largely under missionary influence.

The steadily increasing number of visitors has induced the opening of first-class hotels, and necessitated extensive building operations, resulting in the immigration of some thousands of artisans, chiefly Spanish.

The earliest Flemish Beghard communities were associations mainly of artisans who earned ' In the year 1287 the council of Liege decreed that "all Beguinae desiring to enjoy the Beguine privileges shall enter a Beguinage, and we order that all who remain outside the Beguinage shall wear a dress to distinguish them from the Beguinae."

The Jews, who are found everywhere throughout Poland, are nowhere agricultural; in the larger towns many of them are artisans, but in the villages they are almost exclusively engaged as shopkeepers, second-hand traders, dealers on commission, innkeepers and usurers.

Their influence was not confined to the artisans; among their open or secret adherents were to be found large numbers of government employs and clerks.

The old distrust of the towns, of manufacturers and artisans,still continued.

They resorted to the help of the government in order to stamp out the opinions with which they disagreed, and the claims of the artisans to practical equality were rejected by them, as in earlier days the claims of the middle class had been by the nobles.

Peasants and lahdlords, artisans and tradesmen, each formed their own league for the protection of their interests, and all looked to the state as the proper guardian of their class interests.

Some further details are to be found in documents preserved by the archaeologist Maqrizi, from which it appears that the sum for which each district was responsible was distributed over the unit in such a way that artisans and tradesmen paid at a rate similar to that which was enforced on those employed in agriculture.

The chief event of the year 1899 was the great strike of 40,000 artisans, which cost Denmark 50,000,000 crowns, and brought about a reconstruction of the cabinet in order to bring in, as minister of the interior, Ludwig Ernest Bramsen, the great specialist in industrial matters, who succeeded (September 2-4) in bringing about an understanding between workmen and employers.

These sons of poor peasants, artisans or tradesmen are already disposed to narrow fanaticism, and generally take up study as a means of livelihood rather than from genuine religious interest.

Further, according to tradition, he instituted the three classes or castes of the eupatrids (nobles), geomori (husba.ndmen), and demiurgi (artisans).

The commercial character of the City extends into the southern part of the borough; the residential houses are mostly those of artisans.

In concurrence with the duke's Vogt (advocates) they recognized only one right of judicature within the town, to which nobles as well as artisans had to submit.

He ruled like a modern capitalist; placed his bribes like investments in the courts of his enemies; and, while draining the land of enormous sums, was pitiless toward the two productive portions of his realm, the country population and the artisans.

They have blacksmiths, coppersmiths and goldsmiths among them, besides carpenters, barbers and other artisans.

He describes the classification of the people, dividing them, however, into seven castes instead of four, namely, philosophers, husbandmen, shepherds, artisans, soldiers, inspectors and the counsellors of the king.

Sober and industrious, good farmers and skilful artisans, they scarcely ever had recourse to a lawsuit, and lived peaceably under their native chiefs.

Oppression by the throne and the official and noble classes prevailed extensively; but the weak protected themselves by the use of the Kyei, or principle of association, which developed among Koreans into powerful trading gilds, trades-unions, mutual benefit associations, money-lending guilds, &c. Nearly all traders, porters and artisans were members of guilds, powerfully bound together and strong by combined action and mutual helpfulness in time of need.

Portsmouth proper may be distinguished as the garrison town; Portsea as the naval station with the dockyards; Landport is occupied chiefly by the houses of artisans; and Southsea is a residential quarter and a favourite watering-place.

The majority of the artisans, however, were not in this happy position.

Afterwards the counts of the house of Dampierre fell into financial dependence on the burghers, and therefore allied themselves with the rising artisans, led by the weavers.

The town possesses a technical high school, having (since 1900) power to confer the degree of doctor of engineering, and attended by about 2000 students, two gymnasia, a school of agriculture, an artisans' school and a botanical garden.

In the year 1870 - a date that for many reasons marks the opening of an important era in modern Welsh history - the dissenting bodies of Wales were supporting two quarterly, sixteen monthly and ten weekly papers, all published in the vernacular and all read largely by peasants, colliers and artisans.

The second class, who comprised the rank and file of the army, the peasants and artisans, wore their hair long (Kounrai, capillati).

A new assessment of the maliat, based upon the present value of the produce of lands and actual profits of artisans and tradesmen, has frequently been spoken of, and government, aided by a strong minister of the interior and an able minister of finance, ought to have no difficulty in raising the maliat to its proper level and the total revenues of the country to about two millions sterling.

He visited most of the large cities, took into his service many Flemish artisans, and made the personal acquaintance of Quentin Matsys and Albrecht Diirer, the latter of whom painted his portrait.

But from Norman times the introduction of foreign artisans, capable of establishing industries which should produce goods fit for distant sale, occupied the attention of successive rulers.

Small doses of the aromatic acid also serve as a prophylactic to those artisans who work in lead and as a treatment in lead poisoning in order to form an insoluble sulphate of lead.

Journeying to East Friesland, (1530) he founded a community at Emden (1532), securing a large following of artisans.

Notwithstanding immigration, the Russians still constitute a very small proportion of the population, except in the province of Semiryechensk, where the Cossacks, the peasants, and the artisans in towns number 130,000, and, with the Russian troops, constitute 14% of the aggregate population.

The carnage of the Terror spread far beyond the clergy and the nobility, beyond even the middle class, for peasants and artisans were among the victims. It spread far beyond those who could conspire or rebel, for bedridden old men and women and young boys and girls were often sacrificed.

He left by will a considerable sum to found a school of natural science for artisans at Bologna.

A large proportion of the artisans throughout Servia are Austro-Hungarians or gipsies.

They are often admirable artisans and musicians, almost every town possessing a gipsy band.

The bureaucracy became a refuge for the nobles, and above all for the bourgeois, whose fixed incomes were lowered by the influx of precious metals from the New World, while the wages of artisans rose.

Hence came the practice which caused so much surprise and amusement to French and German travellers of the 16th and 17th centuriesthe wearing of the gentlemanly sword by the artisans of towns.

They are in turn skilled scientists, architects, builders, artisans, labourers and even scavengers; but collectively they are the rulers on whom the colony depends for the wonderful condition of law and order which has made the bee-community a model of good government for all mankind.

They are skilled artisans, bankers and merchants, and are remarkable for their industry, their quick intelligence, their aptitude for business, and for that enterprising spirit which led their ancestors, in Roman times, to trade with Scythia, China and India.

After the issue, 1839, of the hatt-i-sherif of Gal-khaneh, the tradesmen and artisans of the capital freed themselves from clerical control.

Milagros Mexican Folk Art includes an extensive selection of works by several of Mexico's most renowned artisans.

Link social sectors, control HIV, AIDS, rural artisans, training in rural.. .

It also features beautifully sculpted keys whose touch has been regulated by master artisans for perfect balance.

This would be of serious interest to stained glass artisans.

Never the less BW are forcing eviction of the artisans and residential boaters from this essential site tommorrow Friday the 29th July 2005.

The growth in China of large scale urban centers encouraged the development of mass markets in manufactured goods produced by specialist artisans.

Even the humble artisans ' dwellings had been swept away and replaced by blocks of council flats.

The survival of trade guilds in the cities favored the masters at the expense of the artisans.

No longer the artisans of previous years, the modern loyalist mural painters were young men with more militant politics.

These were the early industrial progenitors of the Rochdale Pioneers, a group of artisans who founded the Rochdale Equitable Pioneers Society in 1844.

In Florence, culinary artisans, bakers, winemakers and chefs are equally revered as masters of their crafts.

We also have world-class artisans who deserve fair reward for their creativity.

The narrow streets house a plethora of interesting boutiques and souvenir shops, many showcasing the talents of local artisans.

Local artisans offer their handiwork at amazingly low prices, and even the more typical souvenirs tend to cost less here.

Muro, once a hive of artisans, now forms part of the regeneration program to revive the old traditions.

In the south of France it is rather popular with artisans, who, however, are content to pursue it on any flat surface and use round instead of biased bowls, the bowler, moreover, indulging in a preliminary run before delivering the bowl, after the fashion of a bowler in cricket.

In order to provide a similar protection for the artisans employed in the protected industries, an excise duty was imposed on the home-produced articles, which was to be remitted in favour of manufacturers who could show that they paid " fair and reasonable " wages, and complied with certain other conditions for the benefit of their workmen.

They are skilful agriculturists and artisans, especially in textile fabrics and the manufacture of arms. Though native rule is tyrannical and arbitrary, especially in the principalities of Badung and Tabanan, trade and industry could not flourish if insecurity of persons and property existed to any great extent.

The 18th century has a goodly tale of Jewish artists in metal-work, makers of pottery, and (wherever the gilds permitted it) artisans and wholesale manufacturers of many important commodities.

Formerly the Czech labourers, artisans and domestic servants who came to Vienna were somewhat ashamed of their mother-tongue, and anxious to conceal that evidence of their origin as speedily as possible.

He declares that the distinction between the " spiritual estate," composed of pope, bishops, priests and monks, as over against the " temporal estate " composed of princes, lords, artisans and peasants, is a very fine hypocritical invention of which no one should be afraid.

Phrygian and Cappadocian traders brought their goods, no doubt on camels, to Sinope, and the Greek sailors, the daaoai;rac of Miletus, carried home the works of Oriental and Phrygian artisans.

The sacrosanct nature of such texts has been revered historically by religious artisans.

Artisans from Gujarat, Rajasthan and Maharashtra staged craft demonstrations and sold their work.

Garden Artisans have many varieties and sizes of tea cup planters.

The skill of Amish artisans is apparent in the quality wood furniture that has been sought after worldwide for many generations.

Today, there are upwards of 20,000 artisans practicing this trade, and with the demand just now hitting its stride in the United States, we expect this industry to continue to expand and thrive.

We have someone in India, who is in touch with the artisans on a day-to-day basis to make sure Three Pillars' standards are being met and to ensure that we are all on the same page.

This structure gives the artisans access to markets that they typically wouldn't have.

Highlights of the Breakers include a blue marble fireplace, rose alabaster pillars in the dining room, a an intricate mosaic porch ceiling, which took Italian artisans six months lying on their backs to complete.

If you need custom work done, these talented artisans and craftsmen are more than happy to work with you.

Adirondack furniture makers are some of the country's most talented artisans and hand-crafted pieces are prized as collector's items.

Previously, a piece of furniture traditionally had to be either handmade by a family or craftsmen or artisans had to be commissioned to make a piece of furniture to order.

Artisans have been producing iconic tiles, such as the Delft tiles of Holland or multi-colored Portuguese tiles for use in homes around the world.

Today, tin ceilings are not used or produced with such frequency and a true tin ceiling can cost a great deal of money for artisans to produce.

When you purchase a copper sink, the artisans who made it will typically put a thin layer of wax on the surface, to freeze the color where it is until you install it.

These decorative circles of various types of stone are hand-crafted by Italian artisans who use many of the traditional techniques such as intarsia stone inlay as well as taking advantage of new water jet technology.

Earth tone colors combined with the vibrant colors that the Native American artisans are able to produce using the natural elements they find in their southwest desert homes make Southwestern lamps a work of art.

If nutcrackers are locally developed in the area, then they prominently displayed and often for sale by artisans in the markets.

MexicanHomeArt.com offers hand-hammered copper kitchen sinks that are handcrafted by artisans in Mexico from 16-gauge copper sheets.

Each sink is made by fifth-generation artisans who create the sinks with recycled copper.

Fado Celtic jewelry is handmade by professional artisans and bears a hall mark as a sign of its quality.

While the claddagh symbol is a favorite with the Fado artisans is used liberally in the company's jewelry, other classic Celtic designs are featured as well.

With the rise of Internet markets like Etsy, where artisans can sell their jewelry and other handmade items, handmade silver rings are more available to the common consumer.

Artisans cut patterned glass rods called Murrina into various sizes and combine them into flower patterns and fuse the glass together.

Novica is an innovative website that allows artisans from countries such as India, Mexico, West Africa and Thailand to sell their handmade items directly to customers.

The artisans are able to set their own prices and control their own stock levels via the Novica website.

The Novica ethos is one of fair trade and as such they maintain fair trade standards with their artisans.

In addition to the many discounts, you can find Navajo and Zuni tribal jewelry collections made by Native American artisans.

Artfire and Etsy both have artisans creating handmade boxes.

Many of the jewelry boxes made before the 20th century were works of art and handcrafted by artisans.

The modern focus of FTF is a commitment to business development for expanding North American and global markets for farmers and artisans.

Vermont artisans create all types of organic soaps, bath fizzies, and other items from things like local herbs, goat's milk, and other additions.

A gathering of artisans and musicians also display their crafts at the event.

As far as designs go, obviously the designers and artisans that make these racks can get creative and a tad eclectic.

Early chimneys were hand made by artisans.

For the upper classes there were hat pins in many styles, colors, and materials crafted by well known jewelry houses and artisans.

The original land-holding aristocracy, which had probably initiated and for a time monopolized commerce, was partly supplanted by prosperous upstarts, and with the general increase of prosperity began to lose its hold upon the community of artisans.

Sometimes from curiosity he went to the ministrations of anabaptists, 2 to hear the preaching of peasants and artisans.

Com posed mainly of elements drawn from the Left, and dependent for a majority upon the support of the subversive groups of the Extreme Left, the formation of this cabinet gave the signal for a vast working-class movement, during which the Socialist party sought to extend its political influence by means of strikes and the organization of labor leagues among agricultural laborers and artisans.

In the Baltic provinces they constitute the ennobled landlord class, and are the tradesmen and artisans in the towns.

Considerable numbers of Germans, tradesmen and artisans, settled at the invitation of the Russian government in many of the larger towns as early as the 16th century, and to a much greater extent in the 18th century.

They have achieved good results, but do not exhibit, on the whole, the same unity of organization as those which have arisen in a natural way among the peasants and artisans.

The right to leave the pale is indeed granted to merchants of the first gild, to those possessed of certain educational diplomas, to veteran soldiers and to certain classes of skilled artisans.

Both countries had their artisans, money-lenders, poets and musicians.

One of the main questions in dispute is whether artisans were excluded from the gild merchant.

The class of dealers or merchants, as distinguished from trading artisans, also greatly increased and established separate fraternities.

There was at no time a general struggle in England between the gild merchant and the craft gilds, though in a few towns there seems to have been some friction between merchants and artisans.

The formation of these societies marks a cleft within the ranks of some particular class of artisans - a conflict between employers, or master artisans, and workmen.

The latter is an artist; those who have performed the preliminary operations are merely skilled artisans.

Each of these is self-sufficing, having its own artisans.

But the bulk of the inhabitants of the Spanish possessions were of pure or mixed Indian blood, and many Indians were prosperous as traders, manufacturers, farmers and artisans.

A very large proportion of the inhabitants are sailors, and large numbers of artisans are employed in the dockyards.

Meanwhile the republic, which had for many years drained Canada of hundreds of thousands of artisans to work its factories, steadily declined to consider any suggestion for improving trade relations between the two countries.

The class of artisans was under their special protection; and the joint festival of the two divinities - the Chalceia - commemorated the invention of bronze-working by Hephaestus.

One of the most noteworthy schools of the city is the Lycen de Artes e Officios, located on Rua 13 de Maio, opposite the operahouse; it dates from 1858 and has been the means of giving instruction to a multitude of clerks, artisans and others, through its night classes.

Precisely one hundred years later religious troubles gave the most effective impetus to the silk-trade of England, when the revocation of the edict of Nantes sent simultaneously to Switzerland, Germany and England a vast body of the most skilled artisans of France, who planted in these countries silkweaving colonies which are to this day the principal rivals of the French manufacturers.

The chief manufactures of Santa Fe are brick, pottery (made by Pueblo Indians), and filigree jewelry (made by Mexican artisans).

It is picturesquely situated on the western slope of the Lea valley, with a consider able extension towards the river, mainly consisting of artisans' dwellings (Churchbury, Ponder's End, and Enfield Highway on the Old North Road).

The best artisans are Nepalese and Chinese, the former being the best workers in metal and dyers.

The pensioners now live out and the hospital has been converted into artisans' dwellings.

Large numbers of immigrant artisans joined the population during the latter half of the 19th century, attracted by the great development of industry.

It collected in its first year about £2000 from the shopkeepers and artisans of Lyons.

The London Mission ship " Duff " in 1797 landed eighteen missionaries (mainly artisans) at Tahiti, ten more in the Tonga or Friendly Islands, and one on the Marquesas.

The general feeling of distrust which this prolonged controversy aroused was, however, shown by the almost contemptuous rejection in 1899 of a Bill to protect artisans who were willing to work against intimidation or violence (the Zuchthaus-Vorlage), a vote which was the more significant as it was not so much occasioned by the actual provisions of the bill, but was an expression of the distrust felt for the motives by which the government was moved and the reluctance to place any further powers in their hands.

Now it is true that before 447 B.C., besides the teachers of writing, gymnastics and music, to whom the young Greek resorted for elementary instruction, there were artists and artisans who not only practised their crafts, but also communicated them to apprentices and pupils, and that accordingly the Platonic Protagoras recognizes in the gymnast Iccus, the physician Herodicus, and the musicians Agathocles and Pythoclides, forerunners of the sophists.

The taxation on flocks and herds exists either as a supplementary method of land taxation, or as a contribution of a certain sum per animal, and the tax on shopkeepers, artisans and trades sometimes takes the form of a poll-tax, sometimes that of an impost on the profits of the trades.

With a view if possible to effect the release of the prisoners by conciliatory measures, Mr Flad was sent back, with some artisans and machinery, and a letter from the queen, stating that these would be handed over to his majesty on the release of the prisoners and their return to Massawa.

Superior hand-made carpets are also made, and Quito artisans show much skill in wood carvings and in gold and silver works; the women excel in fine needlework and lace-making.

Most of our products are hand made by artisans, using local organic ingredients when possible.

Much of its content is being produced by digital artisans.

We need an economy which can unleash the creative powers of hi-tech artisans.

One of the Polish kings, for example, threatened with death the English sailors who should attempt to carry on the illicit trade in arms, on the ground that " the Muscovite, who is not only our opponent of to-day but the eternal enemy of all free nations, should not be allowed to supply himself with cannons, bullets and munitions or with artisans who manufacture arms hitherto unknown to those barbarians."

This style of sewing involved intricate handiwork that few artisans today have time to master.

In fact, you may even be able to request a specialty scent or design, such as a teddy bear, from artisans.

Some artisans offer vintage items for sale in their shops, while other sell retro-inspired holders or will custom create an inspired look based on your preferences.

Many jewelry artisans will be happy to work with uncut stones to create distinctive and unique pieces that highlight the natural beauty of the stone.

Specialty jewelers, artisans, and designers generally have higher prices than mass market engagement ring stores and retail jewelers.

Most major jewelers, including online jewelry stores, designers, and artisans offer platinum rings with a range of diamond shapes, including princess cuts.

Couples can look online for photos of unusual engagement rings and then take those photos to artisans and experienced jewelers who may be able to create custom rings, or they can investigate local niche jewelry stores for unique designs.

Many fine jewelers have artisans available that can help you design your very own wedding set.

Our studio is located in a wonderful, old Rum Distillery in Boston that houses loads of artisans and crafts people with whom he sometimes partners for different projects.

The first collection was created from glove tanned cowhide handcrafted by a team of six artisans.

Each pair is carefully handcrafted by skilled artisans and made from top-quality calfskin.

Berea is considered to be the Folk Arts and Crafts Capital of Kentucky, and many working craftspeople and artisans are found here.

After the base bead was created it was turned over to artisans who reheated it with an oil lamp and decorated it.

These artisans have generations of experience that makes their glass some of the highest quality available.

Artisans and horology engineers of the 1990s and 2000s began to shine a spotlight on the wooden clock designs of past eras, sparking new interest in the hearts of the consumer public.

If you are looking for home business insurance or specialty insurance for contractors, artisans or officer and director coverage, RLI Insurance may have what you need.

Business Professionals - This covers professionals such as architects, artisans, builder's risk insurance, employment practices, and officer and director insurance.

They were established at a time when industry was not free, and the government fixed the number of artisans of every kind of trade in each town, no one having 'the right to increase that number.

It was customary for the victor after a successful raid to carry off skilled artisans as captives.

In 675 Benedict Biscop, abbot of Wearmouth, was obliged to obtain glass-workers from France, and in 758 Cuthbert, abbot of Jarrow, appealed to the bishop of Mainz to send him artisans to manufacture " windows and vessels of glass, because the English were ignorant and helpless."

Fourteen members are elected by such citizens of Bremen (city) as have enjoyed a university education, forty by the merchants, twenty by the manufacturers and artisans, and forty-eight by the other citizens.

With the expansion of trade and industry the number of artisans increased, and they banded together for mutual protection.

Many find employment as artisans, small dealers, porters and soldiers in Egypt, where they are usually noted for their honesty, and frank and cheerful temperament.

The mestizos of the coast are usually traders, artisans, overseers, petty officers and clerks, and small politicians.

Albuquerque, foreseeing the dangers that would arise from a shortage of population in his colonies, had encouraged his soldiers to marry captive Brahman and Mahommedan women, and to settle in India as farmers, shopkeepers or artisans.

They are celebrated for their excellence as gardeners, agriculturists, cattle-tenders and artisans.

The Phoenicians, as was only to be expected of those traders and artisans of the ancient world, appear to have adopted both the cylinder of Assyria and the scarab of Egypt as have survived the numerous engraved stones or g pebbles, technically called gems, which served as matrices and in most instances were undoubtedly mounted as finger-rings or were furnished with swivels.

If we study a population and sort it into soldiers, sailors, ecclesiastics, lawyers and artisans, we may obtain facts of sociological value but learn nothing as to its racial origin and composition.

In imitation of the grandfather the grandson gave a commission to a Saxon, in whom he had confidence, to collect artists and artisans in Germany and bring them to Moscow, but he was prevented from carrying out his scheme by the Livonian Order (1547).

The majority, however, were laymen, of all kinds and degrees - nobles, artisans, scholars, students, labouring men.

Except for the statement in Bede that the French artisans, sent by Benedict Biscop, taught their craft to the English, there is at present no evidence of glass having been made in England between the Roman period and the 13th century.

Even if there had been motives for uprisings of artisans such as took place in Germany and the Netherlands, the English kings would probably have intervened.

Previous to the loss of the Italian provinces, a considerable proportion came from Italy (30,000 in 1859), including artists, members of the learned professions and artisans who left their mark on Viennese art and taste.

Numbers of English artisans and shipbuilders, Swedish ironfounders, German engineers and French manufacturers sought fortunes in the new country, and diffused industry by their example.

When the king bestowed upon the tanners or weavers or any other body of artisans the right to have a gild, they secured the monopoly of working and trading in their branch of industry.

In some towns the victory of the artisans in the 14th century was so complete that the whole civic constitution was remodelled with the craft fraternities as a basis.

Hence they should not be confused with the old gild merchant, which originally comprised both merchants and artisans, and had the whole monopoly of the trade of the town.

In the course of time, therefore, the small towns came to be better represented proportionally than the large cities, and the growing class of artisans was entirely disfranchised.

As the Altstadt is mainly occupied by artisans and petty tradesmen, so the Neustadt is the principal business quarter of the city, containing the chief public buildings and the principal hotels.

Against this blemishwhich is in process of gradual correction the fact has to be set that the better class of merchants, the whole of the artisans and the laboring classes in general, obey canons of probity fully on a level with the best to be found elsewhere.

Her artists and artisans alike aim at symmetry, not by an equal division of parts, as we do, but rather by a certain balance of corresponding parts, each different from the other, and not numerically even, with an effect of variety and freedom from formality.

Two years of incessant labor with relays of artisans working steadily throughout the twenty-four hours were required to finish this piece.

The dissidents had no political rights, and their religious liberties had also been unjustly restricted; but two-thirds of them being agricultural labourers, and most of the rest artisans or petty tradesmen, they had no desire to enter public life, and were so ignorant and illiterate that their new protectors, on a closer acquaintance, became heartily ashamed of them.

You, peaceful inhabitants of Moscow, artisans and workmen whom misfortune has driven from the city, and you scattered tillers of the soil, still kept out in the fields by groundless fear, listen!

Artisans came from a great distance to view and honour the image of the popular writer whose best efforts had been dedicated to the cause and the sufferings of the workers of the world; and literary men of all opinions gathered round the grave of one of their brethren whose writings were at once the delight of every boy and the instruction of every man who read them.

The drawbridge of London Bridge having been lowered by treachery, Tyler and his followers crossed the Thames; and being joined by thousands of London apprentices, artisans and criminals, they sacked and burnt John of Gaunt's splendid palace of the Savoy, the official residence of the treasurer, Sir Robert Hales, and the prisons of Newgate and the Fleet.

The expulsion of the duke of Athens was followed by several measures to humble the grandi still further, while the popolo minuto or artisans began to show signs of discontent at the rule of the merchants, and thepopulace destroyed the houses of many nobles.

As has already been intimated, however, many artisans probably belonged both to their own craft fraternity and to the gild merchant, and the latter, owing to its great power in the town, may have exercised some sort of supervision over the craftsmen and their societies.

Battersea is a district mainly consisting of artisans' houses, and there are several large factories by the river.

As artisans they have seldom signalized themselves, save as armourers and clothweavers.

Very soon, however, the artisans of Nagoya (Owari), Yokohama and Tokyowhere the art had been taken upfound that faithful and fine workmanship did not pay.

In general the small shop-keepers, small farmers, sailors, poor traders and artisans were arrayed against the patroons, rich fur-traders, merchants, lawyers and crown officers.

The marshes near the Danube and Theiss were cleared, roads and canals were built at great expense of labour, German artisans and other settlers were attracted to colonize the district, and agriculture and trade encouraged.

When the Sons of Liberty, a society composed largely of unfranchised mechanics and artisans of New York City, which began to dominate the movement immediately after the Congress adjourned, resorted to mob violence - destroying property and burning in effigy the governor and other officers - the propertied classes drew back, and a few years later the popular or patriot party lost its control of the assembly.

Besides the plunderers, very various people, some drawn by curiosity, some by official duties, some by self-interest--house owners, clergy, officials of all kinds, tradesmen, artisans, and peasants--streamed into Moscow as blood flows to the heart.

In the year 597 (being then, probably, not far from thirty years of age) he was carried off to Babylonia by Nebuchadrezzar with King Jehoiachin and a large body of nobles, military men and artisans, and there, it would seem, he spent the rest of his life.

After the religious services of the morning the Brothers scattered for the day's work, the artisans going to the workshops in the city, - for the idea was to live and work in the world, and not separated from it, like the monks.

The chemical knowledge of Egyptian metallurgists and jewellers, he holds, was early transmitted to the artisans of Rome, and was preserved throughout the dark ages in the workshops of Italy and France until about the 13th century, when it was mingled with the theories of the Greek alchemists which reached the West by way of the Arabs.

A huge car drawn by oxen, bearing the standard of the burgh, and carrying an altar with the host, this carroccio, like the ark of the Israelites, formed a rallying point in battle, and reminded the armed artisans that they had a city and a church to fight for.

In the factories or workshops kept by wealthy persons slave labour was mainly employed; but free artisans sometimes offered their services to these establishments or formed associations to compete with them.

In 1853, Johann Heinrich Dollfus (1800-1887), mayor of the town, founded the "artisans' town" (cite ouvriere) to the north-east of the old town, consisting of about 1 200 model dwellings with public bath-, washand bakehouses, and library.

Of recent years, however, the operatives have moved into the suburbs, leaving the model houses of the "artisans' town" to small tradesmen.

This insurgence of the artisans, in a republic which had been remodelled upon economical principles by Giano della Bellas constitution of 1292, reached a climax in 1378, when the Ciompi rebellion placed the city for a few years in the hands of the Lesser Arts.

Speculators either directly employed slaves as artisans or commercial and banking agents, or hired them out, sometimes for work in mines or factories, sometimes for service in private houses, as cooks, flute-players, &c., or for viler uses.

It would appear not improbable that the former was the case, for it must be remembered that articles formed of glass were in the later days of Roman civilization in constant daily use, and that the making of glass was carried on, not as now in large establishments, but by artisans working on a small scale.