Adolescents Sentence Examples

Many elderly citizens extrapolate that all adolescents are rude and entiltled, which is simply not true.

Straight adolescents from stigmatized groups receive support from and learn from parents and family how to cope with hostility from society.

Many elderly citizens extrapolate that all adolescents are rude and entitled, which is simply not true.

Disney has added many new books to their collection geared toward adolescents and teens.

During puberty, young adolescents begin to learn new social skills and expand their social world.

During puberty, young adolescents learn new social skills and expand their social world.

Boot camps for troubled teens are facilities that use strict military lifestyles as means of disciplining adolescents who are defiant or out of control.

Adolescents who attend boot camps for troubled teens are either sentenced to attend one by a judge in lieu of jail time or are put there by their parents or guardians, who fear their child's behavior may get worse if it is not corrected.

Boot camps for troubled teens use military exercises, rigorous physical training and discipline to break defiant adolescents of their bad behavior.

Parents worry about their young teens knowing how to handle romantic relationships, and many of the adolescents themselves are nervous as to how to do things correctly.

The rate of suicide among adolescents is alarming, and most parents will agree that any suicide is one too many.

Studies also clearly show that the vast majority of adolescents who commit suicide showed clear-cut signs of their intentions before actually making an attempt.

Suicide among adolescents is not a topic that should be avoided.

Adults have a responsibility to the adolescents in their lives talk not only about it, but to also watch out for warning signs.

In addition to talking to adolescents about their feelings regarding suicide you should also arm them with the knowledge necessary to recognize signs within their circle of friends.

Adolescents express themselves through the clothes they wear, so look through outfits or notice what the person wears on a daily basis.

In addition to the physical and sexual changes in puberty, adolescents will also endure enormous intellectual growth throughout their teen years.

There are many different views about cliques in high school and among adolescents, some good and some not so good.

Adolescence is a difficult stage of development and many adolescents become problem teenagers because of it.

Adolescents go through many changes during this time in their life.

Teenagers often use the Internet for school, but the Internet is also a popular form of entertainment for many adolescents.

Getting a teenager work permit is a rite of passage for most adolescents.

It seems like overnight kids go from being fun loving and optimistic adolescents into hormonal and rule-breaking teenagers wreaking havoc.

It is estimated that more the five million people will die prematurely because of a decision made as adolescents.

Christy Crandell has accomplished a great deal in her quest to spread the word about drug addiction and adolescents.

How serious is the problem of drug addiction in adolescents?

Secondly, because adolescents still have developing brains and bodies, addiction can progress much more quickly than it might in an adult.

Where can readers get more information about drug addiction in adolescents?

Many adolescents are irritable and angry during this time in their life.

Hormonal changes and a desire to become independent from parents can make adolescents act out in many ways.

Many adolescents have self-image issues.

Emotional issues and anxiety commonly associated with depression can keep adolescents from sleeping or cause them to sleep too much.

Suicide seems like the best way out of this grief for some adolescents.

Many adolescents suffer through depression unnoticed because either they do not want to confide in an adult or the adult they do tell thinks they are overreacting or seeking attention.

There are also programs just for adolescents, such as Visions Teens.

Adolescents, adults and seniors everywhere are using alcohol for many different reasons.

Chemically-dependent adolescents need professional help to get and stay sober.

If you want to branch out and discover girls clothing stores that do not involve a trip to the mall, check out Animal Crackers, which supplies trendy girl clothes for babies through adolescents.

From adolescents to the elderly, almost everyone embraced this new look that was not only fun and flattering, but considerably easier to care for than hair that hung past the waist.

For very young obstructive sleep apnea sufferers, Children's Specialty Group (CSG) offers pulmonary specialists for infants, young children, and adolescents.

Children with ADHD may be prescribed Ritalin, a stimulant drug that appears to have the opposite effect on younger patients than in adolescents and adults.

For adolescents, ensuring adequate rest is imperative.

Another factor that may affect a child's oral health is the increasingly popular practice among adolescents of oral piercings involving the tongue, lips, and cheeks.

Pediatric dentistry-The dental specialty concerned with the dental treatment of children and adolescents.

About 1.2 million cancer cases are diagnosed annually and more than 500,000 die, of whom 2,700 are children or adolescents.

However, cancer is the leading cause of death among children and adolescents, responsible for 2,700 deaths each year in the United States.

The term juvenile vasculitides is sometimes used to refer to a group of disorders that primarily affect children and adolescents.

This category includes two disorders, only one of which-Takayasu arteritis (TA)-is found in children and adolescents.

Most vasculitides are relatively rare disorders; one source estimates that about 100,000 persons (including adults as well as children and adolescents) are hospitalized each year in the United States for treatment of vasculitis.

The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator (MBTI) is a widely used personality inventory, or test, employed in vocational, educational, and psychotherapy settings to evaluate personality type in adolescents and adults age 14 and older.

Parents should observe the behavior of adolescents and teens who may be purposely overdosing on these drugs.

Adolescents fare best and their parents are happiest when parents can be both encouraging and accepting of the child's needs for more psychological independence.

Adolescents who have been reared authoritatively continue to show more success in school, better psychological development, and fewer behavior problems.

An alternative school is an educational setting designed to accommodate educational, behavioral, and/or medical needs of children and adolescents that cannot be adequately addressed in a traditional school environment.

For children and adolescents identified as "at-risk" by the public school district, alternative programs may be available.

Special-needs day schools focus on special education programs to meet the needs of children and adolescents with learning disabilities and learning challenges.

Group therapy employed in a wilderness setting helps adolescents learn how to successfully interact with peers.

In addition, some wilderness programs employ "boot camp" methods that may be unsafe for children and adolescents.

Schools that accept at-risk children and adolescents require psychological and educational testing, as well as references or recommendations from a professional (usually a psychologist, psychiatrist, or therapist).

Parents of at-risk children and adolescents should be prepared emotionally to handle such situations and also to participate in regular family therapy sessions during the alternative program.

Choosing an alternative school is often difficult, particularly for parents of at-risk children and adolescents.

Alternative schools for at-risk children and adolescents may seem too structured and too rigorous with regard to emotional therapy for some parents.

Video games, designed chiefly to appeal to children and adolescents, can also be played in arcades, on computers, and on small, hand-held screens.

The risk of developing anorexia is higher among adolescents preparing for careers that require attention to weight and/or appearance.

Almost everyone gets a sore throat at one time or another, although children in child care or grade school have them more often than adolescents and adults.

Since symptoms are more severe in adolescents and adults, more cases are diagnosed as mononucleosis in this age group.

Nearly one third (32%) of all adolescents are estimated to suffer from adjustment disorders during teenage years as opposed to a rate of occurrence of only 10 percent among adults.

However, generally across all cultures, children and adolescents are more apt to experience conduct disorder symptoms manifested by acting out behaviors, while adults are more apt to experience depressive symptoms.

Some psychological theorists and researchers consider adjustment disorders in adolescents less of an illness than a stage in establishing an identity.

Adolescents may develop adjustment disorders as part of a defense mechanism meant to break their feelings of dependence on parents.

This psychological maneuver may precipitate problems in families as adolescents begin seeking individuals outside the family as replacements for their parents.

All infants, children, and adolescents who have a choking incident should see a doctor, since complications can occur even if the object causing the choking is successfully expelled.

For children, infants, and adolescents who are unconscious, choking and foreign body obstruction can be diagnosed by attempting to give rescue breaths.

The death of a peer, even someone they hardly knew, affects adolescents differently than the death of an older person.

Some adolescents may feel anger and want to rage at the world for letting death take a loved one.

Research has shown that in the majority of cases adolescents in juvenile facilities have lost someone close to them.

Adolescents can also feel very vulnerable.

Older children and adolescents may express their bottled up anger through aggression toward other children.

Some adolescents may participate in risk-taking behaviors or want to do everything because they are worried that they may not have time to do everything before some random act kills them.

Other children and adolescents may mutilate themselves or get body piercings or tattoos.

Curves between 20 and 40 degrees are likely to increase in children or adolescents.

Smoking is particularly harmful for children and adolescents with Marfan because it increases their risk of emphysema.

Children and adolescents with Marfan may benefit from supportive counseling regarding appearance, particularly if their symptoms are severe enough to cause them to withdraw from social activities.

Adolescents are developmentally involved in becoming independent persons.

Adolescents may also lie to cover up serious behavior problems.

Adolescents may lie to cover up illicit drug or alcohol abuse.

Adolescents with Tourette syndrome often experience unpredictable and more severe than usual symptoms, which may be related to fluctuating hormone levels and decreased compliance in taking medications.

One study indicated that ambulatory and non-ambulatory adolescents with cerebral palsy had decreased energy needs compared with a control group of normal adolescents.

According to the U.S. Surgeon General, major depression occurs in about 5 percent of children between age nine and 17, and at any one point in time, 10 to 15 percent of U.S. children and adolescents experience some symptoms of depression.

As of 2004, fluoxetine was the only SSRI (and the only antidepressant drug) approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration for use in children and adolescents with major depressive disorder.

The usual adult dose is 300 mg three times daily and may be lowered for children and adolescents.

Adolescents are especially vulnerable to psychological and emotional problems resulting from a combination of puberty and family stresses.

Parents should encourage adolescents, especially girls, to eat other foods rich in calcium, such as cheese, salmon, and broccoli.

The diets of vegetarian adolescents should be monitored closely to make sure they include a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, and non-meat protein sources.

Extracurricular activities and social programs are also important in helping retarded children and adolescents gain self-esteem.

Torsion is more common in adolescents that it is in newborns.

Somatrotropin (hGH) is measured in the clinical laboratory to identify hGH deficiency in adolescents with short stature, delayed sexual maturity, and other growth or development abnormalities.

For some adolescents, meditation, guided imagery, and visualization can play a key role in the treatment of amenorrhea by relieving emotional stress.

Children and adolescents who receive early treatment have a better quality of life.

Children and adolescents with hyperhidrosis suffer extreme social embarrassment related to their condition, and hyperhidrosis can result in low self-esteem, difficulties in school, and difficulties in and avoidance of social situations.

For example, children with palmar hyperhidrosis may have difficulties holding a pen to write, and adolescents may be reluctant to shake or hold hands with others.

In cases of tumor, most commonly craniopharyngioma (a tumor near the pituitary gland), children and adolescents may have neurological symptoms such as headaches, vomiting, and problems with vision.

Adolescents with CD tend to have better relationships with their peers and are less likely to develop antisocial personality disorder in adulthood than those with childhood-onset CD.

Antibiotic treatment shortens the course of the illness in small children but may not do so in adolescents or adults.

The MMPI is used to screen for personality and psychosocial disorders in adults (i.e., over age 18) and adolescents age 14 to 18.

The MMPI-A, a version of the inventory developed specifically for adolescents age 14 to 18, was published in 1992.

In comparison, the incidence among adolescents and adults is approximately one in 100.

Even when treated, schizophrenia interferes with normal development in children and adolescents and makes new learning difficult.

Low doses of antipsychotic medication have been used successfully with children and adolescents, especially when administered shortly after the onset of symptoms.

Most often orthodontic treatment is used on older children and adolescents whose teeth are still developing.

It is important that children and adolescents who wear contact lenses have glasses to wear and that glasses are worn every day to give the eyes a chance to breathe.

Adolescents try on different social roles as they interact with peers, and peers serve as a social stepping stone as adolescents move away from their emotional dependence upon their parents and toward autonomous functioning as an adult.

Rich foods such as chocolate, food allergies, or hormonal changes may also cause outbreaks in children and adolescents.

Adolescents can learn to manage their own outbreaks.

For adolescents, the hormones of puberty seem to trigger acid reflux.

Though heartburn is the characteristic symptom of GERD in adolescents and adults, GERD in children and infants is not so easy to recognize.

Because lifestyle changes and medications work for most children and adolescents with GERD, the election of surgery is only used for a small number of people for whom all the other options did not work.

For 60 percent of children and adolescents with mild to moderate GERD, lifestyle changes and H2 blockers are very effective.

Some doctors have recognized GERD as a temporary condition in infants but do not recognize GERD in children or in adolescents.

The North American Society for Pediatric Gastroenterology and Nutrition drafted guidelines for treating children and adolescents with GERD in 2001.

These values apply to children and adolescents as well as adults.

Headaches are very common in children and adolescents.

Tension headaches are the most common type of headache, affecting 15-20 percent of adolescents.

Most headaches in children and adolescents are benign and not the result of an underlying disease or disorder.

Getting enough sleep is equally important; most children and adolescents need at least eight to 10 hours of sleep per night.

However, children and adolescents can develop type 2 diabetes too, particularly if they are overweight and have a history of type 2 diabetes in their family.

While type 2 diabetes is a growing problem among American youth due to climbing obesity rates and more sedentary lifestyles, type 1 diabetes is more prevalent in children and adolescents.

Symptoms of diabetes can develop suddenly (over days or weeks) in previously healthy children or adolescents, or can develop gradually, particularly in the case of type 2 diabetes.

Children and adolescents sometimes develop a condition known as diabetic ketoacidosis (DKA) at the time of their diagnosis.

In older adolescents and adults, violent crime or other personal assaults account for almost 50 percent of facial injuries, with automobile accidents accounting for 29 percent and sports-related accidents for another 11 percent.

One researcher estimates that about 2 percent of all children or adolescents who participate in sports eventually suffer a facial injury severe enough to require medical attention.

Domestic violence and abuse is also a common cause of facial injuries in children and adolescents.

Children or adolescents who are severely disfigured by facial injuries may require extra reassurance from family members as well as professional counseling in order to cope with their changed appearance.

Far more seriously, narcotic drugs are among those substances used illegally or abused by adolescents.

Subdural hematomas in children and adolescents are usually abrupt onset or acute and are brought about by accident or injury.

Parents of adolescents often are concerned that distribution of condoms leads to increased sexual activity.

Adolescents and adults usually have a more difficult course.

The prevalence of current alcohol use among adolescents in 2003 increased with increasing age, from 2.9 percent at age 12 to a peak of about 70 percent for persons 21 to 22 years old.

The incidence of impulse control disorders in children and adolescents is difficult to determine.

Children and adolescents who have had a severe head injury and who have epilepsy may be at greater risk of developing these disorders.

In children and adolescents, impulse control disorders often occur along with other psychological conditions, such as attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).

Children and adolescents with pyromania are often aroused by fire-setting, and/or feel pleasure, relief, or gratification when setting fires or witnessing the consequences of fire.

Children and adolescents with kleptomania experience a growing sense of tension just before stealing, followed by pleasure, relief, or gratification during or just after stealing.

Children and adolescents with trichotillomania experience a growing sense of tension or stress just before pulling hair out or when trying to resist hair pulling.

Parents of children and adolescents who exhibit problems with impulse control should see a physician as soon as possible.

Children and adolescents with impulse control disorders may have difficulties in school and at home.

Alternative school-An educational setting designed to accommodate educational, behavioral, and/or medical needs of children and adolescents that cannot be adequately addressed in a traditional school environment.

Psychotherapies for Children and Adolescents. [cited January 2003].

A basic understanding of hair biology and normal hair development is essential in distinguishing normal versus abnormal hair loss in children and adolescents.

It is important to teach children and adolescents to handle their hair with care, especially when shampooing, drying, brushing, combing, braiding, and using chemical processes.

Because society has placed so much emphasis on appearance, hair loss, particularly if it is severe, may be emotionally devastating to children and adolescents.

The most common form of mineral toxicity for children and adolescents in the United States is accidental poisoning from iron supplements.

Children or adolescents diagnosed with Wilson's disease must observe the dietary limitations described earlier.

Because the MRI examination is long and the patient opening in the machine is small, some children and adolescents may feel claustrophobic.

The American Academy of Pediatrics (AAP) states that the pattern of use and abuse of alcohol in children and adolescents is not observably different from what is manifested in young people using marijuana or cocaine.

Withholding privileges is another form of extinction that is more appropriate for older children and adolescents.

Penetrating injuries to the nasal area caused by air gun or BB pellets were as of 2004 also reported with increasing frequency in older children and adolescents.

In older children and adolescents, however, the single most common cause of internal nasal injuries is inhalant abuse or ingesting cocaine through the nose ("snorting").

Nose piercing as a fashion statement is most common among adolescents and young adults.

A less common cause of internal injuries to the nose in older children and adolescents is the use of magnetized jewelry as a substitute for body piercing.

Adolescents who have had plastic surgery on the nose (rhinoplasty) are at increased risk of nasal fractures in later life.

While chemical damage to the nose is usually accidental in younger children, it is more often the result of substance abuse in adolescents.

Drug-specific blood or urine tests may be ordered for children or adolescents suspected of abusing inhalants or cocaine.

Antihistamines are prescribed or recommended for infants, children, and adolescents with allergies and allergic rhinitis.

Pustular psoriasis usually occurs in adults but can occur in children and adolescents.

During puberty, adolescents report more frequent flare ups and more severe ones.

Psoriasis appears often in the diaper area and affects the face more in children than adolescents or adults.

Adolescents should avoid tanning salons and should sunbathe but without tanning.

Self-mutilation has become an increasing problem among adolescents since the 1990s.

The most common form of self-mutilation, and the one usually seen in adolescents, is impulsive self-mutilation consisting of superficial skin cutting and burning.

Adolescents rarely do not outgrow this behavior.

Children and adolescents are frequently the IP in family therapy.

Children and adolescents often benefit from family therapy that includes the extended family.

In the early 2000s, a new systems theory, multisystemic therapy (MST), has been applied to family therapy and is practiced most often in a home-based setting for families of children and adolescents with serious emotional disturbances.

Several clinical studies have shown that MST has improved family relations, decreased adolescent psychiatric symptoms and substance use, increased school attendance, and decreased re-arrest rates for adolescents in trouble with the law.

In addition, MST can reduce out-of-home placement of disturbed adolescents.

For children and adolescents with a diagnosed psychological disorder, family therapy may be added to individual therapy if family issues are identified as contributing factors during individual therapy.

Family therapy may be especially difficult and stressful for children and adolescents who may not fully understand interactions that occur during family therapy.

Adding individual therapy to family therapy for children and adolescents with the same therapist (if appropriate) or a therapist who is aware of the family therapy can be helpful.

Children and adolescents in stepfamilies often have difficulties adjusting, and participating in family therapy can be beneficial.

Children and adolescents and, in some cases even the parents, may be reluctant to participate in family therapy.

Home-based family therapy has in the early 2000s become available as an option for families with severely disturbed adolescents and family members reluctant to see a therapist.

According to the American Obesity Association, approximately 30 percent of children and adolescents aged six to 19 years are overweight and 15 percent are obese.

In general, the American Heart Association recommends at least 60 minutes of moderate to vigorous physical activity every day for children and adolescents.

According to youth strength training guidelines, children and adolescents should perform strength training for approximately 20 minutes two or three times weekly on nonconsecutive days.

Flexibility is especially important for children and adolescents engaged in vigorous exercise (running, competitive sports).

Children and adolescents with physical restrictions or certain medical conditions may require an exercise program supervised by a healthcare professional, such as a physical therapist or exercise physiologist.

Children and adolescents who use any type of exercise equipment should be supervised by a knowledgeable fitness professional, such as a personal trainer.

Some children and adolescents may be susceptible to exercise-induced asthma.

For children and adolescents who perform high-impact activities, such as running, stress fractures may occur.

Dehydration is a risk during longer activities that involve sweating; children and adolescents should be supplied with water during and after activity.

Given the increasing prevalence of overweight and obesity in children and adolescents, it is important for parents to encourage regular exercise and also serve as role models by exercising themselves.

Community centers, local YMCAs, health clubs, and other organizations offer age-appropriate exercise programs for children and adolescents led by experienced and knowledgeable instructors.

For children and adolescents with medical conditions that may limit exercise or place them at higher risk for exercise-related complications, supervised exercise programs may be available at hospital-based wellness centers.

Medication is used less often in young children, but more frequently in older children or adolescents with severe phobias and associated depression.

When these ties break-up, children, especially adolescents, are likely to experience a loss of hope.

Without goals, adolescents tend to lack direction and focus.

To help adolescents get the most out of sports, parents need to be actively involved.

Obese children and adolescents are at increased risk for developing diabetes, hypertension, coronary artery disease, sleep apnea, orthopedic problems, and psychosocial disorders.

For children and adolescents, obesity is defined in terms of body mass index (BMI) percentile.

In children and adolescents, because body fat changes as they mature, BMI is gender- and age-specific and plotted on gender-specific growth charts to determine BMI-forage.

Curved lines on the chart (percentiles) are used by healthcare professionals to identify children and adolescents at risk for overweight and obesity.

Children and adolescents with a BMI-for-age in the 85th to 95th percentile are considered overweight and at risk for obesity, and those with a BMI-for-age greater than the 95th percentile are considered obese.

From 1980 to 2004, the prevalence of obesity among children quadrupled, and the prevalence of obesity in adolescents more than doubled.

Obesity is more common in African American, Hispanic American, and Native American children and adolescents, than among Caucasians of the same ages.

Although obesity can be a side effect of certain hormonal disorders or use of certain medications, the primary cause of obesity in children and adolescents is excess calorie consumption coupled with a sedentary lifestyle.

Children and adolescents living in the twenty-first century are the most inactive generation ever.

Obesity in children and adolescents is diagnosed using the BMI-for-age formula described above, which is used to define obesity.

For extremely obese adolescents, surgical procedures-called bariatric surgery-may be performed, but only rarely.

Both of these practices are unsafe, especially for children and adolescents.

Obese and overweight children and adolescents are more likely to be obese or overweight as adults.

Behavior and lifestyle modification programs involving positive goal-setting, increased exercise, and group support can help children and adolescents successfully and safely lose weight.

Nutrition is a primary factor for weight management of obese children and adolescents.

Often, children and adolescents consume "super-size" sodas that may contain up to 1,000 calories.

Parents of obese children and adolescents should be concerned for their current and future health, since obesity can result in diabetes, hypertension, and coronary artery disease.

Obese children and adolescents are more susceptible to eating disorders, negative self-esteem and body image, and depression due to peer influences.

Counseling, peer group therapy, and family therapy may be required to support lifestyle modifications for obese children and adolescents.

Parents of adolescents who wear contact lenses should help their children to maintain a regular cleaning schedule.

Suicide, attempted suicide, and thoughts of committing suicide are, as of the early 2000s, growing problems among adolescents in the United States and much of the world.

The most common reasons for suicide or suicidal behavior among children and adolescents involve personal conflict or loss, most frequently with parents or romantic attachments.

Adolescents who complete suicide show relatively high suicidal intent, and many are intoxicated at the time of death.

Also, parental monitoring and supervision decrease with increasing age, so that adolescents may be more likely to experience emotional difficulties without their parents' knowledge.

Follow-up studies ranging from one to 12 years found a re-attempt rate among adolescents of 5 to 6 percent per year, with the greatest risk within the first three months after the initial attempt.

The transition to vegetarianism can be smoother for adolescents who make informed choices with dietary practices.

The diets of vegetarian adolescents should be monitored closely to make sure they are eating a variety of foods, including fruits, vegetables, beans, whole grains, and non-meat protein sources.

Acne also seems to trigger styes in some adolescents.

As is the case with styes, having acne seems to predispose some adolescents to having chalazia.

What is clear is that children and adolescents with mutism have an actual fear of speaking and of social interactions where there is an expectation to talk.

Most infected human bites in adolescents and adults result from fighting, and some are inflicted on police officers or institutional staff.

In 1991, Streissguth and others reported some of the first long-term follow-up studies of adolescents and adults with FAS.

In 1996, Streissguth and others published further data regarding the disabilities in children, adolescents, and adults with FAS.

Approximately 10 percent of all adolescents have some degree of scoliosis, although fewer than 1 percent have curves that require medical attention beyond monitoring.

The physical examination includes determination of pubertal development in adolescents, a neurological exam (which may reveal a neuromuscular cause), and measurements of trunk asymmetry.

Watchful waiting is usually all that is required in adolescents with curves of 20 to 30 degrees as long as there is no pain.

For children or adolescents whose curves progress to 30 degrees and who have a year or more of growth left, bracing may be required.

Dermatomyositis in children and adolescents is called juvenile dermatomyositis (abbreviated JDMS or simply JD) because it is different from the adult form of the disorder in several respects.

Younger children generally recover more rapidly than adolescents.

Adolescents are able to develop better distance judgment and hand-eye coordination than their younger counterparts.

Parents of adolescents often are concerned that distribution of contraceptives leads to increased sexual activity.

The symptoms of narcolepsy in children below the age of ten are somewhat different from the classical signs of the disorder in adolescents and adults.

Children with narcolepsy have often been misdiagnosed as having attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder, while adolescents have sometimes been misdiagnosed as having substance abuse or personality disorders.

Adolescents should be advised to avoid tobacco, caffeine, and alcoholic beverages, as these substances can increase daytime sleepiness in patients with narcolepsy.

Younger children are at risk of injuring themselves by falling, and adolescents with driving privileges are at high risk of automobile accidents.

One Italian spa lists recurrent earaches, sinus infections, and acne among the conditions that can be treated with therapeutic baths for children and adolescents as well as adults.

Adolescents using therapeutic baths to relieve emotional stress may add a few drops of essential oils of lavender or other fragrant herbs to the bathwater.

Some older children or adolescents may experience fatigue or a drop in blood pressure from long immersion in a therapeutic bath.

Internally, through the development of primary sexual characteristics, adolescents become capable of sexual reproduction.

Compared to children, adolescents think in ways that are more advanced, more efficient, and generally more complex.

For example, adolescents find it easier than children to comprehend the sorts of higher-order, abstract logic inherent in puns, proverbs, metaphors, and analogies.

As a result, adolescents may display increased introspection and self-consciousness.

Whereas children tend to think about things one aspect at a time, adolescents describe themselves and others in more differentiated and complicated terms and find it easier to look at problems from multiple perspectives.

Finally, adolescents are more likely than children to see things as relative, rather than absolute.

As adolescents mature intellectually and undergo cognitive changes, they come to perceive themselves in more sophisticated and differentiated ways.

Compared with children, who tend to describe themselves in relatively simple, concrete terms, adolescents are more likely to employ complex, abstract, and psychological self-characterizations.

For most adolescents, establishing a sense of autonomy, or independence, is as important a part of the emotional transition out of childhood as is establishing a sense of identity.

For example, older adolescents do not generally rush to their parents whenever they are upset, worried, or in need of assistance.

In addition, older adolescents are able to see and interact with their parents as people, not just as their parents.

This is an especially important capability in contemporary society, where many adolescents are forced to become independent decision makers at an early age.

Many parents wonder about the susceptibility of adolescents to peer pressure.

Specifically, adolescents are more likely to conform to their peers' opinions when it comes to short-term, day-to-day, and social matters-styles of dress, tastes in music, and choices among leisure activities.

In contrast to cliques, crowds are not settings for adolescents' intimate interactions or friendships, but instead serve to locate the adolescent (to himself and to others) within the social structure of the school.

More adolescents have experience in mixed-sex group activities like parties or dances than dating, and more have experience in dating than in having a serious boyfriend or girlfriend.

Most adolescents' first experience with sex falls into the category of "autoerotic behavior," sexual behavior that is experienced alone.

The most common autoerotic activities reported by adolescents are erotic fantasies and masturbation.

By the time most adolescents are in high school, they have had some experience with sexual behaviors in the context of a relationship.

Changes in the ways adolescents view family rules and regulations may contribute to increased disagreement between them and their parents.

Naturalist adolescents can often name and describe the features of every make of car around them.

Starting at about age 12, adolescents can formulate hypotheses and systematically test them to arrive at an answer to a problem.

Until they reach the age of 15 or 16, adolescents are generally not capable of reasoning as an adult.

High school-age adolescents continue to gain cognitive and study skills.

Children and adolescents have longer periods of stage three and stage four NREM sleep than do middle aged or elderly adults.

Help may also be needed for adolescents whose acceptance by peers relates to common negative behaviors, such as gang affiliation, bullying, smoking, and drug and alcohol abuse.

Since many children and adolescents cannot or will not eat a balanced diet, the possible need for supplements should be discussed with an appropriate professional.

At the same time, adolescents, particularly those who engage in sports, may feel that they will do better with increased levels of nutrients.

Adolescents whose blood pressure is greater than 120/80 also may be diagnosed with pre-hypertension.

In the early 2000s, high blood pressure in children and adolescents is on the rise.

A 2003 report indicated this increase is most likely due to a greater number of overweight and obese children and adolescents.

Obesity has steadily increased in children and adolescents over the years.

Although smoking is not directly related to high blood pressure in children and adolescents, those who smoke should stop to reduce their risk of developing other health problems such as coronary artery disease.

There is little scientific evidence that these therapies lower blood pressure or prevent the complications of high blood pressure, and most of these supplements have not been studied extensively in children and adolescents.

Children and adolescents with psychosocial disorders frequently have difficulty functioning in social situations and may have problems effectively communicating with others.

According to the National Institute of Mental Health, an estimated one in 10 children and adolescents in the United States suffers from mental illness severe enough to cause significant impairment in their day-today living.

Adolescents may be successful in treating psychosocial disorders through regular attendance in self-help groups or 12-step programs such as Alcoholics Anonymous.

Although tics vary considerably in severity, they are associated with several neuropsychiatric disorders in children and adolescents.

As of 2004, imaging studies were not routinely performed on children or adolescents with tics unless the doctor suspects a brain injury, infection, or structural abnormality.

There is also some evidence that gingko, ginseng, and some other herbs taken for their stimulant effects may increase the severity of tics in children and adolescents.

One especially painful effect of divorce on adolescents is the negative attitude it can produce toward one or both parents, whom they need as role models but are often blamed for disappointing them.

Martin, Paige D., et al. "Expressed Attitudes of Adolescents Toward Marriage and Family Life."

A small amount of anxiety is normal in the developing child, especially among adolescents and teens.

When symptoms become extreme, disabling, and/or when children or adolescents experience several symptoms over a period of a month or more, these symptoms may be a sign of an anxiety disorder, and professional intervention may be necessary.

Among adolescents, more girls than boys are affected.

About half of the children and adolescents with anxiety disorders also have a second anxiety disorder or other mental or behavioral disorder, such as depression.

Older school-age children and adolescents may not be interested in drawing, but they can make a list of experiences they like and dislike.

Adolescents also enjoy movies; telephone conversations and parties; listening to music; and experimenting with makeup, hairstyles, and fashion.

School-age children and adolescents may hesitate to drink or eat a normal diet because toileting is uncomfortable or performed without privacy.

Data on Munchausen syndrome in children and adolescents specifically are very limited.

Some research indicates that children and adolescents who develop Munchausen syndrome are more likely to have been previous victims of Munchausen syndrome by proxy.

A diagnosis of Munchausen syndrome may be even more difficult in children and adolescents.

As adolescents, abused children are more likely to be in contact with the juvenile justice system than nonabused children of comparable family constellation and income level.

Acquired anemias affect about 4 million individuals in the United States, and over 50 percent of these are under age 45, although less than 10 percent of cases occur in children and adolescents.

Some estimates are that as of the early 2000s cavities among adolescents have been reduced by nearly 40 percent.

Children and adolescents with a personality disorder have great difficulty dealing with others.

Personality disorders require treatment and parents should try to find a mental health professional with advanced training and experience with children, adolescents, and families.

The physician who recommends medication should be experienced in treating psychiatric illnesses in children and adolescents.

Foscarnet (Foscavir), is not recommended for young children but may be given to adolescents.

Episodes of hypoglycemia in children and adolescents with diabetes can be confirmed with a blood test on a home blood glucose monitor.

Because alcohol can also trigger hypoglycemia, adolescents should be informed of the risks of drinking.

The Coping with Stress Course is a group educational program as of 2004 provided to adolescents in Maryland, Ohio, and Oregon.

Adolescents taking the Coping with Stress Course showed a reduction in depressive symptoms and an increase in overall positive adjustment.

Adolescents may chew ice due to peer pressure or because they are deficient in iron.

Oligomenorrhea that occurs in adolescents is often caused by immaturity or lack of synchronization between the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovaries.

In adolescents and women near menopause, oligomenorrhea usually needs no treatment.

Adolescents, ages 12 through 18, should be at the "formal operations" stage of Piaget's cognitive development theory.

Adolescents should be able to understand pure abstractions, such as philosophy and higher math concepts.

Whereas children tend to think about things one aspect at a time, adolescents can see things through more complicated lenses.

Adolescents describe themselves and others in more differentiated and complicated terms and find it easier to look at problems from multiple perspectives.

Adolescents, in contrast, tend to see things as relative.

Difficulties often arise, for example, when adolescents begin seeing their parents' values as excessively relative.

Celiac disease may be discovered during medical tests performed to investigate failure to thrive in infants or lack of proper growth in children and adolescents.