He actively supported by voice, pen and musket his native town in its resistance to the Convention; and when Lyons fell, in October 1793, Jordan fled.

CAMILLE JORDAN (1771-1821), French politician, was born in Lyons on the 11th of January 1771 of a well-to-do mercantile family.

Though warned by failing health to resign, Camille Jordan remained at his post till his death at Paris, on the 19th of May 1821.

of the Revue encyclopedique; a paper on Jordan and Madame de Stael, by C. A.

Boubee, "Camille Jordan a Weimar," in the Correspondant (1901), ccv.

The chief sources for St Dominic's life are the account by Jordan of Saxony, his successor as master-general of the order, and the evidence of the witnesses at the Process of Canonization, - all in the Bollandists' Acta sanctorum, Aug.

Jordan, Bib.

With all its length, the territory had but little breadth: towards the north it was bounded by the amirate of Damascus; in the centre, it spread little, if at all, beyond the Jordan; and it was only in the south that it had any real extension.

This was the strategy in Tehran, Tunisia, Cairo, Syria, Jordan, Morocco, Oman, Lebanon, and Kuwait.

28, as "beyond Jordan"; it has not been identified.

The contest lasted with varying success for more than a year, but finally Lopez Jordan was completely defeated and driven into exile.

Jeroboam, once one of Solomon's officers, became king over the north, and thus the history of the divided monarchy begins (about 930 B.C.) with the Israelite power on both sides of the Jordan and with Judah extending southwards from a point a few miles north of Jerusalem.

This brief notice heralds the commencement of Hazael's attack upon Israelite territory east of the Jordan (2 Kings x.

The northern kingdom at the height of its power included Judah, it extended its territory east of the Jordan towards the north and the south, and maintained close relations with Phoenicia and the Aramaean states.

An original close connexion is felt with the east of the Jordan and with Gilead; stories of invasion and conquest express themselves in varied forms. In so far as internal wealth and luxury presuppose the control of the traderoutes, periodical alliances are implied in which Judah, willingly or unwillingly, was included.

Zedekiah fled towards the Jordan valley but was seized and taken to Nebuchadrezzar at Riblah (45 m.

i.), the evidence for the movement - a conquest north of Kadesh, almost at the gate of the promised land - explicitly mentions Israel; and against the latter the evidence again shows that this representation has been deliberately subordinated to the entrance of Israel from beyond the Jordan.'

Being thus freed from fear on the side of Ptolemy, Alexander continued his desultory campaigns across the Jordan and on the coast without any apparent policy and with indifferent success.

During the government of Fadus, Theudas, who claimed to be a prophet and whom Josephus describes as a wizard, persuaded a large number to take up their possessions and follow him to the Jordan, saying that he would cleave the river asunder with a word of command and so provide them with an easy crossing.

The contest lasted with varying success for more than a year, but finally Lopez Jordan was completely defeated and driven into exile.

JERICHO (im p ', i m', once rTnn;, a word of disputed meaning, whether "fragrant" or "moon [-god] city"), an important town in the Jordan valley some 5 m.

This excludes the land east of the Jordan, on which see Palestine.

Jordan.

The month of April 1870 saw an insurrection in Entre Rios headed by the caudillo, Lopez Jordan.

Dorothea Jordan >>

It shows a strong nationalist feeling which is not restricted to Judah alone, but comprises a greater Israel from Kadesh in Naphtali in the north to Hebron in the south, and even extends beyond the Jordan.

The exact information obtained by Minor, ?1'cc. the researches of English surveyors in Palestine and beyond Jordan, or by the efforts of explorers in the regions that lie between the Mediterranean and the Caspian, have so far led rather to the elucidation of history than to fresh commercial enterprise or the possible increase of material wealth.

The Philistines took possession of the fertile lowlands of Jezreel and the Jordan, and the shattered forces of Israel were slowly rallied by Abner in the remote city of Mahanaim in Gilead, under the nominal sovereignty of Saul's son Ishbaal.

To the east of the Jordan he held rule from Aroer to Gad and Gilead; on its west his power extended from Beersheba in the south to Dan and Ijon at the foot of Hermon.

But the narrative loses its point unless David's kindness " for Jonathan's sake " comes at an early date soon after he became king, and although the youth is found at Lo-debar (east of the Jordan) under the protection of Machir, the independent fragment in ii.

But the recovery was brief, for in 198 Scopas was defeated by Antiochus at the battle of the Panium, near the sources of the Jordan, a battle which marks the end of Ptolemaic rule in Palestine.

From him emanates Yardena rabba, " the great Jordan," which, as the higher-world 1 In 1882 they were said to have shrunk to 200 families, and to be seeking a new settlement on the Tigris, to escape the persecutions to which they are exposed.

The use of the word "Jordan," even in the plural, for "sacred water," is precisely similar to that by the Naassenes described in the Philosophumena (v.

There were medieval Baedekers in abundance for the use of the annual flow of tourists, who were carried every Easter by the vessels of the Italian towns or of the Orders to visit the Holy Land and to bathe in Jordan, to gather palms, and to see the miracle of fire at the Sepulchre.

The main stream flowing south is the Jordan, which fails to reach the sea, being absorbed into the great rift of the Ghor: but a smaller stream, the North Litani (called Kasimiya in its lower course), whose source lies very near that of Jordan, repeats the course of the Orontes on a minor scale and gets through the western mountain system to the sea near Sur (Tyre).

Those which occur on the course of the principal rivers are described under Orontes and Jordan.

Jebel Hauran, east of the Jordan, is capped by a great sheet of basalt; and many other basalt flows are found, especially in the country north of Lebanon.

The best known of these Graben is that of the Jordan, but the upper part of the Orontes lies in a similar depression, which is, indeed, very probably the continuation of the Jordan-Araba trough.

On the whole the climate of Syria - if the Jordan valley and the moister districts are excepted - is not unhealthy, though intermittent fevers are not uncommon in some places.

As it is, it has very fertile patches of lowland, such as the plains of Esdraelon and Jaffa; and the high levels, largely composed of disintegrated igneous rock, west of Jordan, over which the seawind carries the rains, offer excellent corn-land.

For the rest, Syria needs irrigation; and since neither of its larger rivers, Orontes or Jordan, flowing as these do in deep beds, is of much use for this purpose, all Mid-Syria, except the lacustrine oases, is a region mainly occupied by pastures, and yielding only thin cereal crops.

Between these regions the greatly depressed valley of Jordan shows a subtropic vegetation.

Only in the Jordan valley do intrusions from the Ethiopic region appear.

Phoenicia and the Lebanon have the densest population, over 70 to the square mile, while Palestine, the north part of the western plateau east of Jordan, the oases of Damascus and Aleppo, the Orontes valley, and parts of Cornmagene, are well peopled.

The latter are also settled numerously to the west of Jordan.

From the termination of the DamascusMzerib railway a line (the " Mecca railway ") has been laid by Ottoman enterprise east of Jordan to the southern limit of Syria and beyond.

The main object of the century-long dispute between the two kingdoms was the possession of the land to the east of the Jordan (IIauran, and especially Gilead).

The Graeco-Syrian civilization extended far to the south down both sides of Jordan, and, but for the Maccabaean revival, would have absorbed the Jews.

(9) Arabia (capital, Bostra), which embraced all the region from the IHauran to the Arnon, and skirted the Jordan valley, stretching southwards to Petrae.

(I) Filistin (Palestine), consisting of Judaea, Samaria and a portion of the territory east of Jordan; its capital was Ramleh, Jerusalem ranking next.

(2) Urdun (Jordan), of which the capital was Tabaria (Tiberias); roughly speaking, it consisted of the rest of Palestine as far as Tyre.

In the crusading period the kingdom of Jerusalem, whose rulers were never able to establish a foothold to the east of the Jordan, extended northwards to Beirut; next to it lay the countship of Tripoli on the coast; and beyond that in north Syria was the principality of Antioch.

"hard" or "rugged," a name sometimes used, both in earlier and in later writers, to denote the whole of the territory occupied by the Israelites eastward of Jordan, extending from the Arnon to the southern base of Hermon (Deut.

by the Jordan, on the S.

Excluding the narrow strip of low-lying plain along the Jordan, it has an average elevation of 2500 ft.

above the Mediterranean; but, as seen from the west, the relative height is very much increased by the depression of the Jordan valley.

They represent a protest against the contemporary Canaanite civilization and a reaction towards the simplicity of life which was felt more strongly in Judah or to the east of the Jordan than in the northern kingdom of Israel.

of the Jordan, and towards its source.

The story, however, had so firm a hold on Hebrew tradition that it can hardly fail to have some basis in fact; and an invasion by Israel of Bashan before coming to Jordan is by no means an improbability.

Gaulanitis (which probably derived its name from the city of refuge, Golan, the site of which has not yet been discovered) is represented by the modern Jaulan, a province extending from the Jordan lakes to the Haj Road.

Schumacher, The Jaulan (1888); Abila, Pella and Northern Ajlun (1890); Across the Jordan (1886), (Palestine Exploration Fund); Rev. W.

There are many gaps in its history, and although at the crossing of the Jordan and at the fall of Jericho the ark figures prominently (Josh.

According to the traditions, the original territory of the two tribes was the country lying immediately on the east of the Dead Sea, and of the lower half of the Jordan, having the Jabbok for its northern boundary; and of this tract the Ammonites laid claim to the northern portion between the Arnon and the Jabbok, out of which they had expelled the Zamzummim (Judg.

From this their original territory they had been in their turn expelled by Sihon, king of the Amorites, who was said to have been found by the Israelites, after their deliverance from Egypt, in possession of both Gilead and Bashan, that is, of the whole country on the left bank of the Jordan, lying to the north of the Arnon (Num.

The Hospital or Priory of St John was founded in 1100 by Jordan Briset and his wife Muriel, outside the northern wall of London, and the original village of Clerkenwell grew up around the buildings of the knights.

of Hot Springs; and a few miles to the S.E., in Rockbridge county, are Rockbridge and Jordan Alum Springs.

25-26) John began his public life in the "wilderness of Judaea," the wild district that lies between the Kedron and the Dead Sea, and particularly in the neighbourhood of the Jordan, where multitudes were attracted by his eloquence.

They ruled over the tribe of Ghassan in the extreme north-west of Arabia, east of the Jordan, from near Petra in the south to the neighbourhood of Rosafa in the north-east.

" The cedars of Lebanon, the oaks of Bashan, the forest of Jordan represent the national might of the heathen kingdoms " (Wellh., Die Kl.

To some extent it may be said that true North Africa lies to the north of the Jerid country, which, besides its Saharan, Arabian and Persian affinities, has a touch about it of real Africa, some such touch as may be observed in the valley of the Jordan.

of the Jordan.

After visiting the Jordan and the Dead Sea he quitted Palestine by the coast road, retracing his steps to Acre and passing on by Tripoli and Tortosa into Cilicia.

This little plateau, about a mile east of the present village of Mukhmas, seems to have been the post of the Philistines, lying close to the centre of the insurrection, yet possessing unusually good communication with their establishments on Mount Ephraim by way of Ai and Bethel, and at the same time commanding the routes leading down to the Jordan from Ai and from Michmash itself.

The Hebrews who had fled across the Jordan (xiii.

WILHELM JORDAN (1819-1904), German poet and novelist, was born at Insterburg in East Prussia on the 8th of February 1819.

The naval project was abandoned, Jordan was pensioned and afterwards resided at Frankfort-on-Main until his death on the 25th of June 1904, devoting himself to literary work, acting as his own publisher, and producing numerous poems, novels, dramas and translations.

Jordan also published numerous translations, notably Homers Odyssee (1876; 2nd ed.

Jordan River >>

At its southern end it contracts and merges into the plain of Banias, thus enclosing Mount Hermon on its north-west and west sides; eastward from the Hasbany branch of the Jordan lies the meadow-land Merj `Iyun, the ancient Ijon (1 Kings xv.

- Preller, Romische Mythologie, edited by Jordan; J.

Lot preferred the fertile land lying east of the Jordan, whilst Abram, after receiving another promise from Yahweh, moved down to the oaks of Mamre in Hebron and built an altar.

If so, there was time for Lennox to lend to the accusers certain notes which a retainer of his, Thomas Crawford of Jordan Hill, swore (December 9, 1568) that he had made for Lennox (about January 22, 1567) of secret conversations between Darnley and Mary.

The most that can be said is that the names have lingered in the Jordan valley in a vague tradition - very likely helped by, if not entirely due to, literary accounts of the catastrophe - just as has the name of Lot himself in the Arab name of the Dead Sea.

The name is not found east of the Jordan.

4) places it 50 stadia from Jordan and io from Jericho (the New Testament site).

One species occurs in Baluchistan, which is perhaps outside of the Indian region, but the fact of its being found there may be a reason for including that country within the region, just as the presence of another species in the Jordan valley induces zoographers to regard the Ghor as an outlier of the Ethiopian region.

Jordan in Archdologische Zeitung (1868, 91).

He was surnamed Jourdain on account of his being baptized in the river Jordan.

50): Jesus withdraws beyond Jordan, and then comes to Bethany, His friend Lazarus being buried three days; proclaims Himself the Resurrection and the Life; and calls Lazarus back to life.

2-6, the Baptist, several months after the Jordan scene, sends from his prison to ascertain if Jesus is indeed the Messiah; in John, the Baptist remains at large so as again (iii.

And as to the vivid accuracy of many of his topographical and social details, the predominant critical verdict now is that he betrays an eye-witness's knowledge of the country between Sichem and Jordan and as to Jerusalem; he will have visited these places, say in 90, or may have lived in Jerusalem shortly before its fall.

He goes first to "the borders of Judaea and beyond Jordan" (Peraea), and exercises His ministry there, x.

Mieszko himself was converted by Jordan, the chaplain of his Bohemian consort, Dobrawa or Bona, and when Jordan became the first bishop of Posen, the people seem to have followed the example of their prince.

Stephan, Verfassungsgeschichte der Reichsstadt Miihlhausen (Sondershausen, 1886); Jordan, Chronik der Stadt Miihlhausen (Miihlhausen, 1900-1906); and Fiihrer durch Miihlhausen and Umgegend (1901).

Antiochus the Great, king of Syria (223-187), defeats Ptolemy Epiphanes at Panias (Baniyas, near the sources of the Jordan), and obtains possession of Palestine.

Holmes's division was moving in front of Longstreet on the James River Road, but two Federal divisions were holding the route at Willis Church and at Jordan's Ford.

17-23) lay to the south of that allotted to Zebulun, Naphtali, Asher and Dan, and included the whole of the great plain of Esdraelon, and the hills to the east of it, the boundary in that direction extending from Tabor to the Jordan, apparently along the deep gorge of Wadi el Bireh.

In the rich territory of Issachar, traversed by the great commercial highway from the Mediterranean and Egypt to Bethshean and the Jordan, were several important towns which remained in the hands of the Canaanites for some time (Judges 1.27), separating the tribe from Manasseh.

Chester Bradley Jordan Nahum Josiah Bachelder John McLane .

The close relation between Jacob and Aramaeans confirms the view that some of the tribes of Israel were partly of Aramaean origin; his entrance into Palestine from beyond the Jordan is parallel to Joshua's invasion at the head of the Israelites; and his previous journey from the south finds independent support in traditions of another distinct movement from this quarter.

A great part of it is derived from known sources, especially from Henry of Huntingdon, Jordan Fantosme, the Itinerarium regis Ricardi, or its French original, and a lost account, by Anselm the chaplain, of the captivity of Richard I.

Conflicting views are represented (on which see MoAB), but at length Shittim was reached and preparations were made to cross the Jordan into the promised land.

She was the author of The Story of a Pioneer (1915, with Elizabeth Jordan) and joint editor of The Yellow Ribbon Speaker (1891, with Alice Stone Blackwell and Lucy Elmira Anthony).

"He could speak French and Latin well, and is said to have known something of every tongue between `the Bay of Biscay and the Jordan.'

The pursuit was continued and David took refuge beyond the Jordan.

A battle was fought in the "wood of Ephraim" (the name suggests a locality west of the Jordan) and Absalom's army was completely routed.

By the daughter of Ernulf de Hesdin (in Picardy), a Domesday baron, he was father of at least three sons: Jordan, who succeeded to the family office of steward of Dol; William, who inherited Mileham and other estates in England, and who founded the great baronial house of Fitz Alan (afterwards earls of Arundel); and Walter, who was made by David I.

A dove also descended out of a pillar of light on the occasion of the baptism in Jordan of the saintly Basil, bishop of Caesarea; and an eagle lit down upon King Tarquin.

and after a drawn battle with the Turks on the Jordan (November Io), and fruitless assaults on the fortresses of the Lebanon and on Mount Tabor, Andrew started home (January 18, 1218) through Antioch, Iconium, Constantinople and Bulgaria.

John Jordan Crittenden >>

Then Michael was sent in the form of a man; he became identified with Jesus, and was "elected" by God after the baptism in the Jordan.

Jordan, those of Clement IV.

The immediate pursuit of David was then suggested; the advice was accepted, and the sequence of events shows that the king, being warned of this, fled across the Jordan (2 Sam.

from the Jordan and 21 m.

Because the Spirit worked with him, he was able to vanquish Satan and all desires, and because of his righteousness and good works he was made worthy of grace and became a Temple of God the Word, which came down from heaven in Jordan, dwelt in him and through him wrought miracles.

As late as 1165 their patriarch Nerses defends the Armenian custom of keeping Christmas on the 6th of January on the express ground that as he was born after the flesh from the Virgin, so he was born by way of baptism from the Jordan.

The same Nerses held that the second Adam, Jesus Christ, received a new body and nature and the sevenfold grace of the Spirit in the Jordan.

either of the Euphrates or the Jordan.

This view of course implies that the term was originally applied to Abram or his descendants by a people living on the west of the Euphrates or of the Jordan.

The chief chroniclers of his reign are William of Newburgh, Ralph de Diceto, the so-called Benedict of Peterborough, Roger of Hoveden, Robert de Torigni (or de Monte), Jordan Fantosme, Giraldus Cambrensis, Gervase of Canterbury; all printed in the Rolls Series.

Seizing the only surviving son, Ishbaal, he set him up as king over Israel at Mahanaim, east of the Jordan.

They are regarded as a powerful people, giants in stature "like the height of the cedars," who had occupied the land east and west of the Jordan.

of Jordan, Josh.

of Jordan, Num.

of the Jordan and the Dead Sea, lying N.

32, 35) these events, assigned to an early age, have been connected with the appearance of Moabite power west of the Jordan in the days of the "judge" Ehud.

sqq., together with various legal and other matter, now severs the accounts of the Israelite occupation of east Jordan (Num.

It had its root in the revolt of Samas-sumyukin (Shamash-shun-ukin) of Babylonia, and coming at a time immediately preceding the disintegration of the Assyrian Empire, may have had most important consequences for Judah and the east of the Jordan.'

and east of the Jordan (e.g.

Hoskins, Jordan Valley and Petra (1905), and the very elaborate and scientific works by R.

SEA OF GALILEE, a lake in Palestine consisting of an expansion of the Jordan, on the latitude of Mt.

On the south is a broad valley through which the Jordan flows.

The Jordan enters the lake through a narrow gorge between lower hills.

long and i z broad, called el-Batihah, exists immediately east of the Jordan inlet.

Oleanders flourish round the lake, and the large papyrus grows at `Ain et-Tin as well as at the mouth of the Jordan.

Kerak, at the south end of the lake, is an important site on a peninsula surrounded by the water of the lake, by the Jordan, and by a broad water ditch, while on the north-west a narrow neck of land remains.

A ruined citadel remains on the north-west, and on the east was a bridge over the Jordan; broken pottery and fragments of sculptured stone strew the site.

During the first portion of this period Elijah found a refuge by the brook Cherith, "before the Jordan."

This description leaves it uncertain whether the brook was to the east of Jordan in Elijah's native Gilead, or - less probably - to the west in Samaria.

3, 8; "Jordan" may refer to another river, if it be not a gloss; see Cheyne, Ency.

15-18).1 Leaving Horeb and proceeding northwards along the desert route to Damascus, Elijah met Elisha engaged at the plough probably near his native place, Abel-meholah, in the valley of the Jordan, and by the symbolical act of casting his mantle upon him, consecrated him to the prophetic office.

At the Jordan, Elijah, wrapping his prophet's mantle together, smote the water with it, and so by a last miracle passed over on dry ground.

Three years later, war broke out on the east of Jordan, and Ahab with Jehoshaphat of Judah went to recover Ramoth-Gilead and was mortally wounded (xxii.).

Catania was won back by the count's son Jordan.

But progress was delayed by Jordan's rebellion and by the absence of Roger in his brother's wars.

The group of Greek cities east of the Jordan also fell within the Ptolemaic realm during the 3rd century B.C., though their greatness belonged to a somewhat later day.

Now nothing is known of the occurrence of such in Arabia, but a few specimens of rather small size seem still to exist in Syria, in the Wadi Zerka, an eastern tributary of the Jordan.

The names correspond to the Nabaitu and Kidru of the Assyrian inscriptions occupying the desert east of the Jordan and Dead Sea, whilst the Massa and Tema lay probably farther south.

After six months a breach was made in the city, Zedekiah's flight was cut off in the Jordan Valley and he was taken to Nebuchadrezzar at Riblah.

ELISHA (a Hebrew name meaning "God is deliverance"), in the Bible, the disciple and successor of Elijah, was the son of Shaphat of Abel-meholah in the valley of the Jordan.

Such were: his first miracle, when, returning across the Jordan, he made a dry path for himself in.

In the latter we may distinguish one circle connected with Gilgal, Jericho and the Jordan valley to which AbelMeholah belongs (iv.

Then they journeyed secretly through Galilee towards Judaea and the eastern side of the Jordan.

As they came up from the Jordan valley and passed through Jericho, an incident occurred which signalized the beginning of the final period.

It is among the disciples of the Baptist on the banks of the Jordan that Jesus finds His first disciples.

At the feast of the dedication a fresh effort at arrest was made, and Jesus then withdrew beyond the Jordan.

The River Jordan, it is true, marks a line of delimitation between Western and Eastern Palestine; but it is practically impossible to say where the latter ends and the Arabian desert begins.

The total length of the region is about 140 m.; its breadth west of the Jordan ranges from about 23 m.

East of the Jordan, owing to the want of a proper survey, no figures so definite as these are available.

In describing the general physical features of the country, the most significant point to notice is that (though it falls westward to the sea and rises eastward to an elevated plain) the rise from west to east is not continuous, but is sharply interrupted by the deep fissure of the Ghor or Jordan valley; which, running from north to south - for the greater part of its length depressed below sea-level - forms a division in the country of both physical and political importance.

In this respect the function of the river Jordan in Palestine offers a strange contrast, often remarked upon, to that of the Nile in Egypt.

The face toward the Jordan valley is lofty and steep. The highest point is Jebel Jermak, 3934 ft.

On the east may be mentioned the Wadi er-Rubadiya, Wadi el-Hamam and Wadi Fajjas, flowing into the Sea of Galilee or else into the Jordan.

The Ghor or Jordan valley is treated in a separate article (see Jordan).

It covers by far the greater part of Palestine, capping the table-lands of Moab and Edom, and forming most of the high land between the Jordan and the Mediterranean.

Lava flows of basic character, belonging to the Tertiary period, cover extensive areas in Jaulan and Hauran; and smaller patches occur in the land of Moab and also west of the Jordan, especially near the Sea of Gennesareth.

Consequently, west of the Jordan almost the whole country is formed of the newer beds (Upper Cretaceous and later), while east of the Jordan the older rocks, sometimes down to the Archean floor, are exposed at the foot of the plateau.

The rainfall is scanty, but as no civilized person inhabits the southern end of the Jordan valley throughout the year, and it has hitherto proved impossible to establish self-registering instruments, no systematic meteorological observations have been taken.

Such are the aqueducts, of which remains exist at Jericho, Caesarea and other places east and west of the Jordan; but especially must be mentioned the enormous reservoirs known as Solomon's Pools, in a valley between Jerusalem and Hebron, by which the former city was supplied with water through an elaborate system of conduits.

The most abundant springs in Palestine are the sources of the Jordan at Banias and at Tell el-Kadi.

In the Jordan valley the vegetation has a semi-tropical character, consonant with the great heat, which here is normal.

West of the Jordan, and to about half-way between Nablus and Jerusalem, is the southern portion of the vilayet or province of Beirut.

East of the Jordan the country forms part of the large vilayet of Syria, whose centre is at Damascus.

Arabia, in its turn, opens out into both Babylonia and Palestine, and a familiar route skirted the desert east of the Jordan into Syria to Damascus and Hamath.

At what period Palestine first became the " Semitic " land, which it has always remained, is uncertain; nor can one decide whether the characteristic megalithic monuments, especially to the east of the Jordan, are due to the first wave which introduced the Semitic (Canaanite) dialect and the place-names.

See Calf, Golden, and note the representation of a 'calf at er-Rumman (Ramman = Hadad) in east Jordan (Gressmann p. 35).

During the 7th century new movements were coming from Arabia, and tribes growing ever more restless made an invasion east of the Jordan through Edom, Moab and Ammon.

Although they were repulsed, this awakening of a land which has so often fed Palestine and Syria, when viewed with the increasing weakness of Assyria, and subsequent vicissitudes in the history of the Edomites, Nabataeans and East Jordan tribes, forbids us to treat the invasion as an isolated raid.

Then he turned to the country east of the Jordan, and then to Philistia.

Aretas, the Arabian king, pressed him hard on the south and the east, but he was able to make some conquests still on the east of the Jordan.

Not one of these devout souls had any shadow of suspicion that, except natural features (such as the Mount of Olives, the Jordan, Ebal, Gerizim, &c.) and possibly a very few individual sites (such as Jacob's well at Shechem), there was not a single spot in the whole elaborate system that could show even the flimsiest evidence of authenticity!

A similar work east of the Jordan was begun but (1882) stopped by the Ottoman government.

Schumacher east of the Jordan; Tell el- Mutesellim (Megiddo) has also been excavated.

Merrill, East of the Jordan (1881); T.

Schumacher, Across the Jordan (1885); The Jaulan (1888), Abila (1889), Pella (1888), and Northern Ajlun (1890); C. R.

1 Here then we have an account of the settlement of Israel west of the Jordan which is parallel to the book of Joshua, but makes no mention of Joshua himself, and places the tribe of Judah in the front.

above the sea, on the south base of Hermon, and at an important source of the Jordan.

It was certainly a place of great sanctity from very early times, and when foreign religious influences intruded upon Palestine, the cult of its local numen gave place to the worship of Pan, to whom was dedicated the cave in which the copious spring feeding the Jordan arises.

Wilson, supporting the claims of Tell Ham, midway between Khan Minyeh and the mouth of the Jordan.

JOHN JORDAN CRITTENDEN (1787-1863), American statesman, was born in Versailles, Kentucky, on the 10th of September 178 7.

Dr David Starr Jordan was the first president of the university in 1885-1891, when it was thoroughly reorganized and its curriculum put on the basis of major subjects and departments.

His picture of the Holy Land preserves a record of conditions (such as the Saracen raiding almost up to the walls of Christian Jerusalem, and the friendly relations subsisting between Roman and Eastern churches in Syria) peculiarly characteristic of the time; his account of Jerusalem itself is remarkably clear, minute and accurate; his three excursions - to the Dead Sea and Lower Jordan (which last he compares to a river of Little Russia, the Snov), to Bethlehem and Hebron, and towards Damascus - gave him an exceptional knowledge of certain regions.

3 President Jordan was born in 1851 at Gainesville, New York; was educated at Cornell, where he taught botany fora time; became an assistant to the United States fish commission in 1872; in1885-1891was president of the university of Indiana, where from 1879 he had been professor of zoology; and in 1891 was elected president of Leland Stanford Jr. University.

Much information on the growth and present condition of the study has been collected by Jordan, Comparative Religion, its Genesis and Growth (Edinburgh, 3905).

Hoskins, The Jordan Valley and Petra (1905); the conjectural sketch by I.

As distinct from the others Benjamin was born not beyond the Jordan but in Palestine, between Bethel and Ephrath.

Jordan (ed.), The California Earthquake of 1906 (1906); F.

Ebionite views lingered especially in the country east of the Jordan until they were absorbed by Islam in the 7th century.

John M`Gregor, who gives an interesting description of them in his Rob Roy on the Jordan, affirmed that as a work of hydraulic engineering, the system and construction of the canals, by which the Abana and Pharpar were used for irrigation, might be considered as one of the most complete and extensive in the world.

It has no outlet, and is fed chiefly by the Jordan, the Weber and the Bear rivers, all draining the mountainous country to the E.

Jordan et al., The Fur Seals and Fur Seal Islands (or Report of the Fur Seal Investigation, 1896-1897 (Washington, 1898), 4 vols.; also many special reports on the seals published by the United States Treasury; for Report of British seal experts, Great Britain, Foreign Office Correspondence, United States, No.

In 1908 the following mines produced more than 5,000,000 lb each of lead: Silver King at Park City, the Colorado in the Tintic district, the Daly West and the Daly Judge in the Park City district, and the Old Jordan and the Telegraph at Bingham, and there were fifteen other mines that produced between 1,000,000 and 3,000,000 lb of lead.

On the history of the book in general see Max Jordan, Das Malerbuch des Leonardo da Vinci (Leipzig, 1873).

There are cases, however, as in the valley of the Jordan, where the ground is actually below the sea-level, and where, as the total evaporation is equal to or exceeds the rainfall, the lake surfaces also are below the sea-level.

The Israelite story, which may perhaps be supplemented from Judaean sources (see Joasii), records a great loss of territory on the east of the Jordan (2 Kings x.

Nor can we distinguish between those whom John baptized (tinxit) in the Jordan and those whom Peter baptized in the Tiber."

The Jordan is declared in 2 Kings v.

of the Jordan river in the Salt Lake Valley, near the base of the Wasatch mountains, at an altitude of about 4350 ft., about 11 m.

of Jordan (about 55,000); the second, the cazas of Shuf and Metn in Lebanon (about 50,000); the third, the cazas of Hasbeya, Rasheya, W.

Another very popular work by Sachs contains poetical paraphrases of Rabbinic legends (Stimmen vom Jordan and Euphrat, 1853).

by the Jordan, N.

8) mention the Jordan valley plain as the "Geliloth of Jordan" in "the Eastern Gelilah."

The province was subdivided into two parts, Upper and Lower Galilee, the two being divided by a ridge running west to east, which prolonged would cut the Jordan about midway between Huleh and the Sea of Galilee.

TO broad valley of Jezreel on the east, descending towards the Jordan valley, forms the gate by which Palestine is entered from beyond Jordan.

high forms Galilee the watershed, with steep eastern slopes falling towards Jordan.

Beauvoir (Kaukab el-Hawa, built in 1182) stood on a precipice above Jordan south-west of the Sea of Galilee, and guarded the advance by the valley of Jezreel; and about the same time Château Neuf (Hunin) was erected above the Huleh lake.

In Upper Galilee, however, there is a mixture of Jews and Maronites, Druses and Moslems (natives or Algerine settlers), while the slopes above the Jordan are inhabited by wandering Arabs.

1025), was the son of Mieszko, first Christian prince of Poland, and the Bohemian princess Dobrawa, or Bona, whose chaplain, Jordan, converted the court from paganism to Catholicism.

The first two passages represent Moses as addressing the generation that was alive at Horeb, whereas the last represents him as speaking to those who were about to pass over Jordan a full generation later; and it may well be that the one author may, in the historical and hortatory parts, have preferred the 2nd plural and the other the 2nd singular; without the further inference being justified that every law in which the 2nd singular is used must be assigned to the latter, and every law in which the 2nd plural occurs must be due to the former.

The book falls naturally into two main parts, of which the first, the crossing of the Jordan and the conquest of Palestine (i.

It opens with the preparations for the crossing of the Jordan and the capture of the powerful city Jericho.

Two sources deal with the inheritance of the east Jordan tribes in terms which are-(a) general (xiii.

xii.), which virtually excludes the other (xxiv.), where Joshua assembles the tribes at Shechem (Shiloh, in the Septuagint) and passes under review the history of Israel from the days of heathenism (before Abraham was brought into Canaan) down through the oppression in Egypt, the exodus, the conquest in East Jordan and the occupation of Canaan.

1-8 seem to place the arrival at Mt Ebal immediately after the crossing of the Jordan.

Lot dwells in the basin of the Jordan, and his history is continued in the story of the destruction of Sodom and Gomorrah (xviii.-xix.; Hos.

appears to be buried beyond the Jordan, it is the latest source which places his grave at Hebron (1.

On the other, Rebekah is brought to Beer-lahai-roi (xxiv.), Jacob belongs to the south and he leaves Beersheba for his lengthy sojourn beyond the Jordan.

The history of an immigration into Palestine from beyond the Jordan would take various shapes in local tradition.

Jeroboam's chief achievement was the fortification of Shechem (his new capital) and of Penuel in east Jordan.

Jordan, and the conquest of Moab (Isa.

(1) A vilayet of Syria, constituted as recently as 1888, which stretches along the sea-coast from Jebel el-Akra, south of the Orontes, to the Nahr Zerka, south of Mount Carmel, and towards the south extends from the Mediterranean to the Jordan.

46-54; Jordan, Rom.

12) not only to these, but to a people in the Jordan Valley.

Most often it is applied comprehensively to the population of the entire west Jordan land and its preIsraelitish inhabitants.

i o, xxiv.8, 12,&c. we hear of two great Amorite kings, residing respectively at Heshbon and Ashtaroth on the east of the Jordan.

Here, Ishbaal is east of the Jordan, David's men are engaged in fighting Benjamin and Israel-even at Gibeon (about 6 m.

I), and the literary introduction to the story of Sheba is to be found in the closing scene of xix., apparently at the point where David returns to the Jordan on his way to Gilgal (v.

Jordan region, fortified it in 1142: from 1183 it was attacked desperately by Saladin, to whom at last it yielded in 1188.

It is bounded on the north by the broad valley of the Jordan; on the east by the rapidly rising terraces which culminate in the Moabite plateau, 3100 ft.

The chief affluents of the sea are as follows: - on the north, Jordan and `Ain es-Suweimeh; on the east Wadis Ghuweir, Zerka Main (Callirrhoe), Mojib (Arnon), Ed-Dera`a, and elHesi; on the west, Wadis Muhawat and Seyal, `Ain Jidi (En-Gedi), Wadi el Merabbah, `Ain Ghuweir, Wadi el-Nar, `Ain Feshkhah.

Fish, which abound in the Jordan and in the brackish spring-fed lagoons that exist in one or two places around its shores (such as `Ain Feshkhah), die in a very short time if introduced into the main waters of the lake.

(See SoD0M.) The biblical name is the Salt Sea, the Sea of the Arabah (the south end of the Jordan valley), or the East Sea.

70.00 grains 163.39 175.01 1089 06 5106.00 594'46 7388.21 345.80 10 50 317.57 (1) the explanation of a remarkable line of white foam that extends along the axis of the lake amost every morning - supposed by Blanckenhorn to mark the line of a fissure, thermal and asphaltic, under the bed of the lake, but otherwise explained as a consequence of the current of the Jordan, which is not completely expended till it reaches the Lisän, or as a result of the mingling of the salt water with the brackish spring water especially along the western shore; (2) a northward current that has been observed along the east coast; (3) various disturbances of level, due possibly to differences of barometric pressure; (4) some apparently electrical phenomena that have been observed in the valley.

The central and southern districts are drained by the Derwent from Lake St Clair - its tributaries being the Nive, Dee, Clyde, Ouse and Jordan.

The idea that the Jewish Kingdom embraced once again the entire nation easily arose when the Maccabees extended their dominion northwards over Samaria and Galilee and eastwards beyond the Jordan.

JORDAN (the down-corner; Arab.

The Jordan valley in its lower part keeps about the old level of the sea-bottom and is therefore a remnant of the Miocene world.

For more than two-thirds of its course the Jordan lies below the level of the sea.

Throughout history it has exerted a separatist influence, roughly dividing the settled from the nomadic populations; and the crossing of Jordan, one way or the other, was always an event in the history of Israel.

The Jordan has two great sources, one in Tell el-Kadi (Dan) whence springs the Nahr Leddan, a stream 12 ft.